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Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series – CNC Machining Parts Manufacturer – China Turned parts

May 29th, 2011 |

Allegations of copyright and trademark infringement Nancy Stouffer
In 1999, American author Nancy Kathleen Stouffer alleged copyright and trademark infringement by Rowling of her 1984 works The Legend of Rah and the Muggles (ISBN 1-58989-400-6) and Larry Potter and His Best Friend Lilly. The primary basis for Stouffer’s case rested in her own purported invention of the word “Muggles”, the name of a race of mutant humanoids in The Legend of Rah and the Muggles, and Larry Potter, the title character of a series of activity booklets for children. Larry Potter, like Harry Potter, is a bespectacled boy with dark hair, though he is not a character in The Legend of Rah and the Muggles. Stouffer also drew a number of other comparisons, such as a castle on a lake, a receiving room and wooden doors. Portions of Rah were originally published in booklet form by Ande Publishing Company in 1986, a company founded by Stouffer together with a group of friends and family. Ande filed for bankruptcy in September 1987 without selling any of its booklets in the United States or elsewhere. Rowling has stated that she first visited the United States in 1998.
Rowling, along with Scholastic Press (her American publisher) and Warner Bros. (holders of the series’ film rights), pre-empted Stouffer in 2002 with a suit of their own seeking a declaratory judgment that they had not infringed on any of Stouffer’s works. The court found in their favour, stating that “no reasonable juror could find a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the two parties’ works”. During the course of the trial, it was proven “by clear and convincing evidence, that Stouffer has perpetrated a fraud on the Court through her submission of fraudulent documents as well as through her untruthful testimony”, including changing pages years after the fact to retroactively insert the word “muggle”. Her case was dismissed with prejudice and she was fined $50,000 for her “pattern of intentional bad faith conduct” in relation to her employment of fraudulent submissions, along with being ordered to pay a portion of the plaintiffs’ legal fees. Stouffer appealed the decision in 2004, but in 2005 the appeals court upheld the ruling. She states on her website that she is planning to republish her books and is entertaining the possibility of another lawsuit against Warner Bros., J. K. Rowling and Scholastic Press.
The Legend of Rah and the Muggles is currently out of print. In the spring of 2001, it was published by Thurman House, LLC, a Maryland publishing company. Thurman House, formed by Ottenheimer Publishers to republish the works of Nancy Stouffer, was closed when Ottenheimer ceased operations in 2002 after filing for bankruptcy. Stouffer later asserted that any copies of the book published by Thurman House are unauthorised because the publisher failed to honour its contractual obligations to her. Claire Field
In 2000, in the lead-up to the release of the first Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone; Warner Bros., the film’s distributor, sent a series of letters to owners of Harry Potter fansites, demanding that, to protect their copyright, they hand over their domain names. The action resulted in negative publicity for the company when Claire Field, the then 15-year-old webmaster of the British fansite harrypotterguide.co.uk, was reduced to tears by what were described by her father as unnecessary bully tactics. Eventually the corporation backed down in the face of media opposition and declared that, as the site was non-commercial, it did not violate the trademark. Unauthorised Chinese Harry Potter books
In 2002, an unauthorised Chinese-language sequel titled Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong (Chinese: , Hanyu Pinyin: Hl Bt y Bo Zulng) appeared for sale in the People’s Republic of China. (In English-language media this was mistranslated as Harry Potter and Leopard-Walk-Up-to-Dragon.) According to translated excerpts, the book principally consists of the text of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, but with most names changed to those of Harry Potter characters. The book was quickly recognised as a fake. Rowling and Warner Bros. took steps to stop its distribution. Copies were briefly distributed around the world, including e-book copies traded on the Internet.
In November 2002, the Bashu Publishing House, in the southwestern city of Chengdu, agreed to pay a 1,600 (US$3,400) fine and publish an apology in China’s Legal Times for printing and distributing the novel. As of 2007, the identity of the anonymous “author” has not been discovered. The opening of Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong, translated into English, was included in several news articles.
Also in 2002, the China Braille Publishing House published Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll. As of 2007, it is estimated that there are fifteen million fraudulent Harry Potter novels circulating in China. In 2007, Rowling’s agents, the Christopher Little Literary Agency, began to discuss the possibility of legal proceedings concerning a fake version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that appeared in China ten days before the actual book’s publication. Uttam Ghosh
In 2003, legal pressure from Harry Potter’s publishers led an Indian publisher to stop publication of Harry Potter in Calcutta by Uttam Ghosh; a work in which Harry meets figures from Bengali literature. Dmitri Yemets
Main article: Tanya Grotter
In 2003, courts in the Netherlands prevented the distribution of a Dutch translation of Tanya Grotter and the Magical Double Bass, the first of Dmitri Yemets’ popular Russian series about a female apprentice wizard. Rowling and her publishers sued, arguing that the Grotter books violate copyright law. Yemets and his original Moscow-based publishers, Eksmo, argued that the books constitute a parody, permitted under copyright. The Dutch courts ruled that the books did not constitute parody and thus were not allowed to be sold in the Netherlands.
Later that year, as the Dutch translation Tanja Grotter en de magische contrabas was still legal in Belgium, the Flemish publishers Roularta Books decided to print 1,000 copies (and no more) in order to let people decide whether it was plagiarism, hoping that under those circumstances Rowling and her publishers would not sue. Rowling did not sue, but as there was a lot of interest in the book (Dutch people could buy the book by postal order from another Flemish publisher, Boekhandel VanIn) it was soon sold out. The books continue to be published in Russia and have spawned several sequels. Preventive Maintenance Monthly
In their May 2004 issue, the US Army publication the Preventive Maintenance Monthly, which instructs soldiers on how to maintain their equipment, featured a spoof comic based on Harry Potter, featuring a character named Topper who resided at Mogmarts School under Professor Rumbledore. The publication received notice from Rowling’s lawyers that the comics breached copyright, though the magazine’s editor, Ken Crunk, claimed that no violation had taken place, as “[t]he drawings do not look like any of the characters from Harry Potter”. After a discussion with Rowling’s representatives, the magazine agreed not to use the characters again. eBay
In 2004, Rowling and Time Warner launched legal actions against bazee.com, now the Indian branch of the online auction site eBay. The site had hosted illegally-created e-books of Harry Potter, which Rowling had never agreed to be published. In 2005, Rowling warned her fans on her website that various “signed” Harry Potter memorabilia appearing for sale on eBay did not in fact use her signature. She urged her fans to protest eBay to prevent other children from being swindled. In 2007, Rowling launched lawsuits against a number of users of the site, obtaining a series of stay orders preventing them from selling her work. However eBay claimed that in her dealings with the media, Rowling had falsely claimed that her injunctions had been against eBay itself. In June 2007, eBay filed papers with the Delhi High Court, alleging that Rowling had caused them “immense humiliation and harassment”. The High Court circumvented the application, claiming that it could not make such a judgment until the case went to trial. Wyrd Sisters
In 2005, Warner Bros. offered CAD$5,000 (later CAD$50,000) to the Canadian folk band the Wyrd Sisters for the rights to use their name in the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Rowling had written a scene in the novel in which a band called the Weird Sisters appeared at a school dance, and the group owned the rights to the name in Canada. However, the offer was declined, and instead the band undertook a legal action against Warner Bros., as well as Jarvis Cocker of Pulp and Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway of Radiohead, who were to play the band in the film. All plans to use the name in the movie were later abandoned. Despite that decision, the Canadian band filed a CAD$40-million ($39 million) lawsuit against Warner in Ontario court. In connection with the lawsuit, the band brought an interlocutory injunction hoping to prevent the release of the film. The injunction application was dismissed. The entire suit was dismissed in November 2005. In June 2006, an Ontario judge decreed that the band pay Warner Bros. CAD$140,000 in legal costs, describing their lawsuit as “highly intrusive”. The group claimed they planned to appeal the decision. Jarvis Cocker initially wished to release an album of “Weird Sisters”-themed music with collaborators including Franz Ferdinand, Jack White and Iggy Pop, but the project was dropped as a result of the lawsuit. As of August 2007, the band were still pursuing their claim, with hopes to bring it to the federal level. The band has reported receiving death threats from irate Harry Potter fans. Kolkata lawsuit
In October 2007, Warner Bros. sued a group constructing a faade during a Hindu religious festival in the Indian city of Kolkata for Rs. 2 million (US$ 43,000), claiming that they had erected a giant replica of Harry Potter’s school, Hogwarts, without their permission. Initial reports stated that, as the effort was not for profit, it did not violate Rowling’s copyright. The Associated Press claimed that the High Court of Delhi, where the petition was filed, allowed the organisers to carry on with the temporary construction with an order that the structure had to be dismantled after the festival was over and that the court refused to impose any compensation on the basis that the organisers were involved in a “non-profit making enterprise”. However, these statements were later retracted: the court had in fact ruled in favour of Warner Bros., but no fine had been ordered, and Warner Bros. claimed that they had only requested a fine because such action was necessary under Indian law.
In November 2007, Rowling discussed the case on her website, listing the rumours that she had targeted a non-profit organisation as “Toxic” and saying, “The defendants were not religious charities, and theirs was not a religious celebration. On the contrary, it was a large-scale, commercial, sponsored event involving corporations that included a major Indian high street bank. The event was, however, set up while a Hindu festival was going on … The court ruled that Warner Bros. rights had indeed been infringed, and that events such as the one in question would need Warner Bros.’ permission in the future. The court also restrained all the defendants from any future events infringing Warner Bros. rights.” RDR Books
Main article: Warner Bros. and JK Rowling vs. RDR Books
On 31 October 2007, Warner Bros. and Rowling sued RDR Books to block the publication of a 400-page book version of the Harry Potter Lexicon, an online reference guide to her work. Rowling, who previously had a good relationship with Lexicon owner Steve Vander Ark, reiterated on her website that she plans to write a Harry Potter encyclopaedia, and that the publication of a similar book before her own would hurt the proceeds of the official encyclopaedia, which she plans to give to charity. A judge later barred publication of the book in any form until the case was resolved. In their suit, Rowling’s lawyers also asserted that, as the book describes itself as a print facsimile of the Harry Potter Lexicon website, it would publish excerpts from the novels and stills from the films without offering sufficient “transformative” material to be considered a separate work. The trial concluded on 17 April 2008. On 8 September 2008, the judge ruled in her favour, claiming that the book would violate the terms of fair use. Mirchi Movies
In August 2008, Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against production company Mirchi Movies due to the similarity of the title of their Bollywood film Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors to the Harry Potter film series. Mirchi Movies CEO Munish Purii claimed there is very little similarity between Hari Puttar and any elements in the Harry Potter franchise, and explained that Hari is a popular Indian name, while “puttar” means “son” in Punjabi, although Indian versions of Harry Potter also translate Harry’s name to Hari Puttar. The film was delayed until late September. Warner Bros. claimed that the title was confusing, but Mirchi Movies claimed they registered the name in 2005. On 24 September 2008, the court in Delhi rejected Warner Bros.’ claim, saying that Harry Potter readers were sufficiently able to distinguish between the two works. They also accused Warner Bros. of delaying the action, since they were aware of the film as far back as 2005. Adrian Jacobs
In June 2009, the estate of Adrian Jacobs, a children’s author who died in 1997, sued Rowling’s publishers, Bloomsbury, for 500 million, accusing her of having plagiarised “substantial parts” of his work in writing the novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In a statement, Jacobs’s family claimed that a scene in Goblet of Fire was substantially similar to Jacobs’s book The Adventures of Willy the Wizard: Livid Land: “‘Both Willy and Harry are required to work out the exact nature of the main task of the contest which they both achieve in a bathroom assisted by clues from helpers, in order to discover how to rescue human hostages imprisoned by a community of half-human, half-animal fantasy creatures.” They also claimed to be considering launching a joint suit against Rowling and her publishers (and in fact did so). Bloomsbury countered with a statement of its own, saying that “This claim is without merit and will be defended vigorously,” and that Rowling “had never heard of Adrian Jacobs nor seen, read or heard of his book Willy the Wizard until this claim was first made in 2004, almost seven years after the publication of the first Harry Potter book.”. The Jacobs estate, driven by his son and grandson, have published a website with details and excerpts from the book, according to the Toronto Star. Legal injunctions
Boxes of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince awaiting delivery
Rowling and her publishers have brought a series of legal injunctions to ensure the books’ secrecy before their launch. These injunctions have drawn criticism from civil liberties campaigners over their potentially sweeping powers over individual freedoms.
In 2003, in an attempt to maintain secrecy over the impending release of the fifth Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Rowling and her publishers sought and received a groundbreaking injunction against “the person or persons who has or have physical possession of a copy of the said book or any part thereof without the consent of the Claimants”. The ruling obtained, for the first time in British law, an injunction against unnamed or unknown individuals; before then, injunctions could only be obtained against named individuals. Lawyers Winterbothams noted that, “The new Harry Potter style injunction could be used if you expected a demonstration or trespass to take place, but which had not yet begun, so long as you could find a description for the people expected which the Court was satisfied identified ‘those who are included and those who are not’”. This principle was later used against a camp of Roma travellers. In 2006, pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline employed the injunction against anonymous animal rights campaigners who had sent threatening letters to their investors.
The series garnered more controversy in 2005 with the release of the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, when a Real Canadian Superstore grocery store accidentally sold several copies before the authorised release date. The Canadian publisher, Raincoast Books, obtained an injunction from the Supreme Court of British Columbia prohibiting the purchasers from reading the books in their possession. A comment by a media lawyer that “there is no human right to read” led to a debate in the public sphere about whether free access to information was a human right. Michael Geist, the Canada Research Chair of Internet and E-commerce Law at the University of Ottawa, said in response, “The copyright law claim was particularly puzzling. While copyright law does provide copyright owners with a basket of exclusive rights, the right to prohibit reading is not among them. In fact, copyright law has very little to say about what people can do with a book once they have purchased it.” Free-speech activist Richard Stallman posted a statement on his blog calling for a boycott until the publisher issued an apology. Solicitors Fraser Milner and Casgrain, who represented Raincoast and formulated the legal argument for the embargo, have rebutted this, saying that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies only to the government, not to private litigation, and does not offer any protection of the right to read in any case, and the innocent purchasers of the Harry Potter book had no more right to read it than if they had come into possession of someone’s secret diary.
In 2007, Scholastic Corporation threatened legal action against two booksellers, Levy Home Entertainment and DeepDiscount.com, for selling copies of the final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, before its release date of 21 July. In an official statement, Scholastic appealed “to the Harry Potter fans who bought their books from DeepDiscount.com and may receive copies early requesting that they keep the packages hidden until midnight on 21 July.” Customers who agreed not to read the book received a special Harry Potter t-shirt and a $50 coupon for Scholastic’s online store. Blackmail
In June 2005, Aaron Lambert, a security guard at a book distribution centre in Corby, Northamptonshire, England, stole a number of pages from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince six weeks before its intended publication date. He was arrested a day later after negotiations to sell them to John Askill, a journalist from The Sun, turned violent. Lambert reportedly fired a shot from his imitation Walther PPK pistol, but Askill was unharmed. At his trial the following October, Lambert pleaded guilty to threatening Askill and to attempting to blackmail Harry Potter’s publishers, Bloomsbury. In January 2006, Lambert was sentenced to four and a half years in prison. Accusation of libel
In July 2007, a dispute arose between Harry Potter’s British publisher, Bloomsbury, and Asda, a British supermarket chain owned by the US corporation Wal-Mart. On 15 July, a week before the release of the final Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Asda issued a press release accusing Bloomsbury of unfairly fixing their prices. Asda spokesman Peter Pritchard claimed that Bloomsbury was “holding children to ransom” and that, “[i]t seems like Bloomsbury need to do a quid-ditch as they have sent their prices up north on the Hogwarts Express. By setting the recommended retail price at this level can only be seen [sic] as blatant profiteering on their part.” Pritchard went on to say that Asda was acting to “champion the right of young readers”, and that the recommended retail price was “twice the average child’s pocket money and 5 more than the average children’s bestseller”. Asda had planned to sell the book as a loss leader at 8.87 ($16.30), or half Bloomsbury’s recommended retail price of 17.99 ($33.00) and below the wholesale price of 9.89 ($18.00).
Two days later, Bloomsbury responded that the claims were “potentially libellous” and that:
Asda’s latest attempt to draw attention to themselves involves trying to leap on the Harry Potter bandwagon. This is just another example of their repeated efforts of appearing as Robin Hood in the face of controversy about their worldwide group, which would suggest they are perceived as more akin to the Sheriff of Nottingham. Loss leaders were invented by supermarkets and have nothing to do with Bloomsbury Publishing or Harry Potter and we deeply regret having been dragged into their price-wars.
Bloomsbury stated that the price hike of 1 from the previous Harry Potter novel was due to it having been printed on recycled paper. “There is a price to be paid by the consumer for environmental best practice”, a Bloomsbury spokeswoman said.
Bloomsbury CEO Nigel Newton said, “[They have] unleashed a very disingenuous, self-interested attack on us. This is complete nonsense and all they’re doing is grandstanding as they’ve done on the price of aspirin and bread. They try to turn it into a big deal as though it’s a moral crusade for them, but it’s nothing of the kind.”
That same day, Bloomsbury cancelled all Asda’s orders of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, or roughly 500,000 copies, citing unpaid bills from the company totalling 38,000 ($70,000) for unauthorised returns of the sixth Harry Potter book. “The two matters are completely unrelated”, said a Bloomsbury spokeswoman, “We decided today that we couldn’t risk having arrears with anybody.” The dispute had been “going on a while – going on for weeks actually.” Asda responded that Bloomsbury owed them 122,000 ($224,000) (“for pulping and for other book trade issues and work we have done for them”) and that, as one company spokesman claimed, “It just seems funny that after we expose the potty Potter price hike, Bloomsbury are trying everything they can to stop kids getting hold of Harry Potter at a price they can afford.”
Asda paid the bill within hours, and claimed that Bloomsbury would be in breach of contract if it did not allow the store to sell its books. However, Bloomsbury claimed that the block on Asda’s orders was still in place as, “Unfortunately, we’ve now had to initiate a significant libel claim against them. That matter will have to be dealt with. If they want their 500,000 books, they’ll have to come and make peace with us … It could be good news for all their disappointed customers, because they don’t have to go to a soulless Asda shed to buy their book and they can share the magic of Harry Potter at an independent or specialist bookstore instead.”
Upon receipt of Bloomsbury’s legal letter, Asda responded that, “There is nothing defamatory in our press release. Everything there is factual. It is a commentary on how we see things.” Said another Asda spokesperson, “If they don’t supply us with the books, it will have a massive implication and [be] a breach of contract – but I don’t think they will do that.”
Later that day, however, Asda released a statement retracting its original comment: “We apologise unreservedly to Bloomsbury for [our] press release dated 15 July and withdraw our statement. We look forward to a good relationship with Bloomsbury going forward, including selling the latest Harry Potter book from 00:01 am BST on Saturday 21 July and many other Bloomsbury books in the future”. In response, Bloomsbury lifted the block and Asda was allowed to sell its books. The original press release was then expunged.
The rationale behind Asda’s initial press release remains uncertain. Neill Denny, commentator for thebookseller.com, opined that “the whole episode has the whiff of a badly-conceived PR stunt by ill-briefed senior executives at Asda out of touch with the subtleties of the book world.” Ralph Baxter of Publishing News concurred: “For Asda … it may be seen as mission accomplished, a high-risk strategy to maximise publicity for its Harry Potter offer rewarded with television, radio, Internet and newspaper coverage. And the association of Asda with low prices has no doubt been entrenched in a few more minds.” See also
Harry Potter influences and analogues
Harry Potter parodies
Religious debates over the Harry Potter series References
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^ Harish V Nair, ‘Pottermania defeats Rowling at Salt Lake’, Hindustan Times, Kolkata Edition, 2007-10-13
^ “Correction: Festival-Harry Potter story”. Associated Press. 2007-10-17. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/17/asia/AS-GEN-India-Festival-Harry-Potter.php. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
^ JK Rowling (2007). “Rubbish Bin: J K Rowling demands 2 million rupees from religious charities in India”. jkrowling.com. http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/rubbishbin_view.cfm?id=17. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
^ David B. Caruso (2007-09-01). “Rowling Sues to Block Harry Potter Book”. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=3803111. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
^ Joanne Rowling (2007-10-31). “Companion Books”. jkrowling.com. http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=102. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
^ “Row delays Harry Potter Lexicon”. BBC News. 2007-11-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7088336.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
^ Dan Slater (2008-04-18). “Final (For Now!) Reflections on the Harry Potter Trial”. The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/04/18/final-for-now-reflections-on-the-harry-potter-trial/. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
^ “Rowling Says Fan’s Book Could Endanger other Authors”. Epoch Times. 2008-04-16. http://en.epochtimes.com/news/8-4-16/69301.html. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ “U.S. judge halts unofficial Harry Potter lexicon”. Reuters. 2008-09-08. http://ca.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idCAN0845394920080908. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
^ “India’s “Hari Puttar” caught in Harry Potter spell”. NewsDaily. 2008-08-27. http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/sp236913-india-potter/. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
^ Karishma Vaswani (2008-09-12). “Court delays Puttar film release”. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7612809.stm. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
^ Anil Sinanan (2008-09-25). “Harri Puttar free to cast its spell at Indian box-office”. The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article4820747.ece. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
^ Ryan Kisiel (2009). “JK Rowling sued for 500m in plagiarism lawsuit by family of late Willy The Wizard author”. Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1193283/JK-Rowling-sued-500m-plagiarism-lawsuit-family-late-Willy-The-Wizard-author.html. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
^ a b c “Rowling didn’t plagiarise”. Reuters. 2009. http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking+News/Lifestyle/Story/STIStory_390898.html. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
^ Toronto Star edition 2010-02-18
^ Willy the Wizard 18 page book written by Adrian Jacobs/
^ Dan Tench (2006-05-23). “Animal extremists can no longer hide behind a web of secrecy”. The Times. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article722258.ece. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ Jack Malvern (2005-07-13). “Reading ban on leaked Harry Potter”. the Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article543318.ece. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
^ “Important Notice: Raincoast Books”. Raincoast Books. 2005-08-25. http://www.raincoast.com/harrypotter/injunction-commentary.html. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ Barbara Grossman, Aaron Milrad and Annie Na (2005). “Understanding the Harry Potter Injunction: Protecting Copyright and Confidential Information” (PDF). Fraser Milner and Casgrain. http://www.fmc-law.com/upload/en/publications/20052006/655380_HarryPotterInjunction_October21_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ “Scholastic will take action against Harry Potter distributors”. Reuters. 2007-07-18. http://www.reuters.com/article/industryNews/idUSWEN939320070718. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
^ “Guard admits to Harry Potter theft”. BBC News. 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 2008-01-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080124150123/http://www.jrrobertssecurity.com/security-news/security-crime-news0082.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
^ “Potter book thief admits threats”. BBC News. 2005-12-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/4546164.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
^ “Potter book firm clashes with supermarket over price”. The Times. 2007-07-17. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2089458.ece. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ a b c d e f g Katherine Rushton (2007-07-17). “Bloomsbury: Asda must make peace”. thebookseller.com. http://www.thebookseller.com/news/42122-bloomsbury-asda-must-make-peace.html. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ a b “Asda Apologises following Potter Book Row”. UK News Lifestyle Extra. 2007-07-17. http://www.lifestyleextra.com/ShowStory.asp?story=BZ1739815T&news_headline=asda_apologises_following_potter_book_row__. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Philip Jones (2007-07-17). “Asda apologises to Bloomsbury”. thebookseller.com. http://www.thebookseller.com/news/42186-asda-apologises-to-bloomsbury.html. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Graeme Warden (2007-07-17). “Harry Potter and the Asda Apology”. guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/jul/17/harrypotter.supermarkets. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Neill Denny (2007-07-17). “Opinion: Asda’s climbdown”. thebookseller.com. http://www.thebookseller.com/news/42197-opinion-asdas-climbdown.html. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Ralph Baxter (2007). “The Great Stand-Off”. Publishing News Online. http://web.archive.org/web/20071113192945/http://www.publishingnews.co.uk/pn/pno-news-display.asp?K=e2007071912471094&TAG=&CID=&PGE=&sg9t=…. Retrieved 2007-08-01. External links
Online transcription of the judge’s ruling in Rowling v. Stouffer
RealMuggles.com, Nancy Stouffer’s web site
Tanya Grotter official website (in Russian)
harrypotterguide.co.uk Claire Field’s fansite
slate.com on the issues raised by Harry Potter parodies
Descriptions of various Asian illegal translations
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Interesting Collector’s Group

May 24th, 2011 |

Author: Limited Edition Comic

Interesting Collector’s Group

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Interesting Collector’s Group

By: Steven Magill
Posted: Mar 02, 2010

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There are so many interesting hobbies to start these days. The advent of the internet has made collecting things possible all over the world and has made a common place for others with similar tastes and likings to converge in cyberspace. Collectively, this has been good for all enthusiasts regardless of whatever particular interest one may have for there is now a commonplace for them to meet and this exchange of information, ideas, and networks increases the availability of items for sale, for trade and for discussion. The more people involved the better. Here are some of the more interesting groups of collectors that may fit your tastes:

- Antique Door Knob collector. These are collectors who are fascinated with the unique door knobs throughout the centuries. OF course the most prominent of door knobs are those from Italy with its many designs and materials used. There are even some door knobs using ivory as well. The value of these door knobs can reach the thousands of dollars if authenticated and most aficionados are also interested with the engineering side of these door knobs like the locking mechanism. Some door knobs are those of huge doors which has key sets that weigh more than twenty pounds.

- Comic Book collector. This is a very popular group. More than a million collectors online and these guys have been collecting comic books ever since it first became fashionable to have one. One of the most popular ones is the first editions of Superman and Batman from the DC Comics. There are all sorts of types of grades of comics based on how they are preserved. From mint to used, the prices vary as well. Some collect comic books based on the illustrator. Why is this group so popular? It must have something to do with being a kid and remembering those comic books that helped us grow up. To some extent, comic books are inspirational to those who wished they were like their heroes, and maybe if not in strength, then in values and beliefs

- Watch collector. Being a watch collector is again appreciating both the engineering and precision aspect of any watch. Having imbedded jewelry on the time face and bevels is probably a worthwhile bonus but the devil is in the details. The fascination of watches has to do with the precision of the components of the watches. Finding out just how complicated a watch is, with its movements done in miniature almost microscopic pieces is an example of what man can accomplish despite his limitations.

Steven Magill – About the Author:

Antique door knobs are great collector’s items. But it is also very good for our doors. You can check out more discount door knobs now. Great pieces and great finds for your homes.

Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/home-and-family-articles/interesting-collector039s-group-1928083.html

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Emerging Permissiveness of Adult Entertainment and Implications for Adolescents Sexuality

May 19th, 2011 |

Author: Limited Edition Comic

Introduction

The quest for information is growing daily and the relevance of media as a supplier and disseminators of information to large populations cannot be overemphasized. The Media is recognized as a powerful tool that is indispensable and capable of presentation of factual and balanced information that can shape public opinions and enhance structural change in human behaviour. However, their roles today are becoming more worrisome and misunderstood especially in the area of sexuality. There exist today raging controversies surrounding the way sexuality is being portrayed in the media in respect of the way the media tends to reinforce stereotypes and coverage of sexual issues (Tiemoko, 2006. p.6-10) and the extent of religious silence over these media activities.

Today, a publication might be regarded as incomplete without featuring a scantily clad girl or presenting sex figures (Suzanne, et al (2006). The preponderance of sexual attractive scenes inform of entertainment is becoming appalling and called for concern especially in this age that the younger ones are the closest to such media especially the visual media (e.g. television, video, etc). The effects of uncontrolled, uncultured and illicit sexual behaviour such as HIV/AIDS, unwanted/unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school, unemployment, poverty, crimes, and overall consequences on economic development cannot be overemphasized. Thus, there is need for adequate assessment to discover and filter out wrong information and the sources of such information in the lives of these adolescents who are supposed to be the future leaders of our society.

Regulation of sexual behaviour supposed to be the general concern of many religious groups at all times and in every setting. But the extent to which any religious group can regulate sexual behaviour of her congregation or society depends on whether such religion is world–rejecting in its response to the prevalence of societal values or whether it has become world affirming (Ojo, 2007). The side in which the religion belongs determines the perspective of sexuality as well as her response to the society in which it operates.

While some evangelical groups have succeeded in conservatism approach to sexual behaviour, several have veered away from this traditional religious conservatism. The Oneida community of New York in the mid-eighteenth century practiced free love with common wives and single family structure and the Mormons practice of a form of polygamy that encouraged mating to populate the world with godly children (Foster, 1994). Also the Odumosu Emmanuel, the Jesus of Oyingbo’ saga at Maryland, Lagos is another vivid example of possession of sexual privileges over female members and wives. There are therefore several initiatives that encourage sexual latitude in the Christendom today with yet untold effects on the new generation of adolescents among which is the global news of recent ordination of homosexual gays as priests and Bishops in Anglican sect. All these are pointers to the sexual latitude being permitted by the church. The manner in which religious groups especially christianity permits, is silent on adult entertainment and all its associate influencing factor of sexuality raises questions on what the moral responsibility of churches is regarding sexuality and it also raises question about the new societal perspective of responsible sexuality.

According to Monroy de Valasco (1982), the developing countries have over 1 billion adolescents who are physically old enough to reproduce but who are far too young to be responsible healthy parents of healthy children (Monroy de Valasco, 1982). The above assertion could not be unconnected with the absence of the vital sexuality information in homes and uncontrolled access the young folks are having to mostly uncensored scenes. Ill-informed children especially in the areas of procreativity could engender irresponsible adults/parents with great adverse effect on their siblings and the circle might continue if nothing is done to salvage the situation. Thus, this research was instituted to break the circle of misinformation and misperceptions regarding adult entertainment in our society.

The globalization of western culture, although with positive advancement in economic development, has engendered infiltration of this culture into fabrics of Nigeria system with visible dominance (Rodney, 1976). This is more pronounced in some lifestyles like dressing, speaking, work ethics, mode of entertainment and views on sexuality. One of the sources of this is adult entertainment pivoted and propelled by the media. Adult entertainment comprises all activities where predominantly women perform sexual acts for payment that include all sex shows, live sex shows — lap and pole dancing, sports bars, stripping, saunas (with extras), prostitution. It also includes ‘pay-to-view’ internet access and TV/DVD’s, pornography, telephone sex lines, sex shops, etc. (YWCA, 2006). It is no gain saying that these activities have crept into Nigerian society and remained till date due, amongst others, to the hunger for westernization.

In all spheres of life, sexuality is considered vital and unavoidable especially in the religious arena where it is traditionally affirmed to be a divinely bestowed blessing for expressing love and generating life and for mutual companionship and pleasure but it also so much bedeviled with misuse, exploitation, abuse, and suffering (RAND Health, 2007). This therefore implies that sexuality matters require wisdom which should begin to develop from childhood. Inasmuch as it is vital for the young people to know about their sexuality, it is equally vital that the sources of such information should be unbiased, free from misconception and thoroughly monitored by the older people like the parents. Thus, this study was therefore carried out to examine the effect of adult entertainment, assess its level of pollution and its potential magnitude in terms of influencing adolescents’ sexual behaviour.

Testable propositions were proffered to ascertain whether adult entertainment has adverse effect on young adolescents’ sexuality, to confirm parents’ style in Nigeria as encouragement to accessing obscene materials and test whether sex education can serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents.

The apriori expectation was that the study will help in providing solution to wrong and inappropriate sex information brought about by exposure to adult entertainment by young adolescents. It is conceived that adult entertainment could implant misconceptions about sex into the young folks and lead to wrong and inappropriate demonstration of such sexual activities that may inadvertently degenerate to unimaginable delinquencies such as teen-parenting, abortion, masturbation, rape, exhibitionism, voyeurism, to mention but few. This pilot study would however lay foundation for a bigger study from which other generalizations can be made

Literature Review

Adolescence and sexual development

According to Dehart, Sroufe & Cooper (2004), adolescence can be thought of as a second revolution in human development, the first occurring during the toddler period, when a child emerges from an infant. During adolescence, a child is transformed into a young adult and qualitative advances can be visible in all developmental areas especially the physical changes. Just as toddlers lose their former babyish shape, so do adolescents lose the look of children. Not only do they grow taller, heavier and stronger, but their body proportions change and secondary sex characteristics develop. For males this includes a broadening of the shoulders, enlargement of the genitals, and growth of hair on various parts of the body. For females it includes widening of the hips, development of breasts, and the growth of pubic and underarm hair. Both sexes, of course, acquire the capacity for reproduction.

Adolescents develop a much greater feeling of autonomy, which is why psychoanalytic theorists refer to adolescence as a second individuation. The first individuation occurs in toddler hood, when children come to understand their basic separateness from parents (Dehart et al; 2004). In adolescence, the individuation process is carried much further. Now young people come to understand they have inner feelings that even parents cannot know. Accompanying this individuation is deidentification with parents (Dehart et al; 2004). Teenagers are moving towards their own ideals, goals, and values, their own unique characters. They are establishing a sense of personal identity; a knowledge of who they are as separate from their parents, and of what their place in the world is.

Most adolescents do not receive any information about reproduction or contraception from their parents. It was established that the level of discussion on sexuality between children and their parents is a function of the quality of the relationship they have with them (Papini, et al, 1998) as well as their levels of self esteem and individuation (Papini et al; 1998). This last point suggests that young adolescents especially, will not bring their sexual concerns to their parents because they are still in the early stages of the process of individuation. Because of this, they tend to turn to some other sources of information on their sexuality.

Obscenity and sexual behaviour

There is widespread belief that a causal relationship exists between an allegedly increased dissemination of obscene material and the increase of juvenile delinquency rates. Observations show that most children begin viewing television in early childhood the major cause of fears among the parents regarding its adverse effects. For the pre-school child, television in modern America now fulfils the function that the grandparent is said to have performed in a less hectic age—- that of an amusing babysitter. Children on the average watch television for two or three hours a day (Himmelweit et al; 1958). Many view even the late evening programmes. Nielsen ratings show that of an audience of 100 at 10 p.m., eight are teen-agers and six are children; as late as 11:30 p.m., five teen-agers and three children are still in the audience (New York Times; 1960) The other media are pale in significance when compared to television. Radio as a source of entertainment has been largely supplanted by the newer medium; it is in places where television cannot reach that radio listening is widespread. Only comic books begin to compete with television for the child’s interest. One research team found that 83 per cent of the children in their sample; under 11 years of age, and 50 per cent of those between 11 and 17 years, read more than two comics a week (Lazarsfeld, et al,1948-9).

Religion and adult entertainment

A major characteristic of adult entertainment is nudity and scanty dressing and the two traits could be used interchangeably to describe adult entertainment as being shown by the media. It has eaten deep into the fabric of the society today and represents a common way of life of most adolescents. Pornography per se connotes any material depicting or describing the human body or sexual conduct in a way that arouses sexual feelings. It is distributed through many media, including magazines, books, television, movies, music, and the internet. It is as harmful to the spirit as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are to the body

In recent past, relaxation on dressing habit was not as visibly rampant as experience today, especially among young girls in Nigeria. The sanctity of proper dressing was always adhered to few years back. Until now, proper dressing was regarded as socio-cultural and normal moral standard that required no instruction or advice before it is followed by every man and woman. It was normal to find young girls appropriately dressing in a manner that represents dignity and respect for womanhood. Nowadays, the event has been overturned and conspicuously replaced by obscene habit of half nakedness and nudity. While the phenomenon would have been regarded as mere advent of new culture or cultural imposition from the western world, it is surprising that it’s excessively display in common and ‘reserved places’ calls for concern. Also, the fact that the category concerned falls in the specific younger age groups and especially among the young adolescents girls make it a worrisome development that could have some specific effects in the future development of these groups and perhaps a damaging missile into the lives of the adolescents who are the most vulnerable group.

Religiously, clothing should be regarded as an invitation to virtue rather than being an incitement to sin. It is therefore a surprise to see different things around in the world today. The purpose of clothing has been lost in the society today and the seemingly sneaky behaviour in the past has permeated the nooks and crannies of religious centres, especially the church. But while some clerics or religious houses frown at this phenomenon, several sanction this trend either by omission or commission and it is now looking like a common thing to gaze virtually into parts of the human body network from the dressing habits of some adolescents and even adults.

The traditional central tenet of Christian perspective on sexuality has been chastity. This gives rise to the morality of abstinence from pre-marital sex, healthy boy-girl relationship and higher value for virginity. However, the observable uncontrolled permissiveness in terms of the ‘ingredient of promiscuousness’ in some highly referred places calls for concern and this has been, among others, preventing ordinary observers in classifying the churches as either pro-healthy sexuality or anti-healthy sexuality.

Pornography

There exists a world of difference between pornography and obscenity irrespective of the way and manner they are being used interchangeably. While pornography implies films, pictures, magazines, etc that present or contain sexual activities or information that intend to make people sexually excited, obscenity refers to the offensive behaviour and languages conditioned by such pornography (Macmillan English Dictionary, 2006 Edition). According to the Encyclopedia of Ethics, pornography is defined as “the sexually explicit depiction of persons, in words or images, created with the primary, proximate aim, and reasonable hope, of eliciting significant sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such materials.” (VanDeBeer 1992, 991). But while the illicit, erotic arousal caused cannot be easily determined on the spot it will eventually transform and manifest in sexual mis-behaviour. This thus calls for serious concern because it would eventual develop and constitute a social problem that portends great danger for a transiting economy like Nigeria.

The question of how pornography affects human behaviors and attitudes has been a considerable source of controversy and public concern. Vehement oppositions to pornography are based on the fact that it encourages immorality, sexual violence and negative attitudes toward women notwithstanding the support it gained as harmless diversion that may serve to relieve sexual tensions for adults. In 1986 U.S. Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography concluded that violent pornography “bears a causal relationship to antisocial acts of sexual violence” and that degrading pornography “bears some causal relationship” to violence, sexual aggression, and negative attitudes, such as the myth that women enjoy being raped. Studies indicate that men who viewed films that were both violent and sexually explicit recorded the highest levels of aggression, followed by those who viewed sexually explicit but nonviolent films. Men record the highest levels of aggression after viewing pornography that portrays women as being sexually aroused by the violence perpetrated against them. According to American researchers Edward Donnerstein, Daniel Lenz, and Steven Penrod, “It is this unique feature of violent pornographyâ€”the presentation of the idea that women find sexual violence arousingâ€”that plays an important role in producing violent pornography’s effects.” However, studies have found little correlation between purely erotic nonviolent films and violence or aggression against women (Downs, 2007).

Cultivation theory

Cultivation theory suggests that frequent viewing increases the likelihood of the adoption of expressed values and beliefs that will ultimately alter actual behavior (Brown, 1993; Brown, et al, 1995; Gerbner, et al, 1986). When applied to adolescents’ television consumption, it implies that higher rates of viewing could bring about greater changes in values, beliefs, and resulting behaviors. In this context, greater exposure to sexual content could lead to greater acceptance of the gender stereotypes (Walsh-Childers, et al, 1993). Notwithstanding, other evidence suggests that exposure to media content is not equivalent to paying attention to that content (Ward & Rivadeneyra, 1999), especially in an adolescent population where multiple media consumption is common and television use acts as a background to other activities like homework or eating. However, Grube and Wallack (1994) assumed the level of attention and emotional response given to televised alcohol advertising can mediate the influence of a message as well as the level of identification with the communicator.

The theory therefore supports the premise that constant exposure of adolescents to adult entertainment such as pornography would eventually lead to their adoption of such practices as well as cultivating them as habits. This may lead to juvenile delinquencies and vices such as rape, masturbation, prostitution and so on. Hence, it is deduced with the help of this theory that adult entertainment (which is for adults by the way) could have adverse effects on young adolescents’ sexual behaviour. As such, entertainment is not targeted for consumption by people of their age. Also, an earlier study by Healy and Brumer, it was concluded that delinquents were more frequent among movie-goers than other who don’t (Healy, et al, 1936), a finding that was also corroborated by Gluecks (Glueck and Glueck; 1950). While it is not unlikely that they established a causal relationship between motion picture viewing and juvenile delinquency, it could be assumed that a person who attends movies more often could likely have a stronger urge than the non-delinquent boys for exciting outlets.

Research design

A survey research technique was employed in the study that was carried out in Lagos State of Nigeria and the study population consists of adolescents who fall within the ages of 12 and 24 years inclusive. Both sexes were included in order to identify the various perspectives of both sexes on the subject matter and to offer opportunity for assessing the influence of the variable on all categories of adolescents.

Although a systematic sampling technique was used in selecting respondents who are adolescents in the study area, the choice of the study areas was very subjective. The prevalence of constant supply of electricity and other social amenities were considered as the basic determinants of access to the medium of watching or reading materials relating to adult entertainment. Thus, the resident Districts of Ikeja (GRA), part of Oshodi and Yaba were purposively selected. In this area, simple random sampling method and Primary Health Care (PHC) house numbering guided the selection of respondents who were interviewed on face-to-face approach. Only 10 houses were selected in each of the 4 enumeration areas chosen in each district. Overall, 114 questionnaires were processed out of the 120 respondents interviewed by well structured questionnaires. Two separate focus group discussion (FGD) were organized in these locations for more findings and confirmation of interview outcome

Data analysis

Distributive statistics were employed to assess the socio-demographic characteristic of the respondents and inter-dependent association amongst identified variables and indulgence in adult entertainment. Data collected were analyzed with SPSS. The frequency distribution, cross tabulations and regression techniques were employed and the empirical results presented in tabular forms. The hypotheses were tested using the Chi- square (X2) method of analysis, at 5% level of significance, and the appropriate degrees of freedom. All tables are appended to this paper.

Results and Discussions

This section focuses on discussions of the results from the data analysis. Several cross- examinations were also made among the identified factors responsible for adolescents’ motivation in indulging in adult entertainment.

Demographic characteristics of respondents

Sex ratio of Nigeria was purposively used in apportioning quota for both sexes and about 51 males and 63 females were selected as our total sample. The study revealed that an overwhelming proportion (72%) of respondent’s parents are living together as at the time of survey (82%) while about 10% were from divorced homes (table 1). This implies that majority of respondents are from stable homes adjudged capable of providing information on sexuality. The level of rapport within the family is below average (32%), about 11% relates at distant with their parents while about 48% held close tie to parents just because of financial needs. The “Parent-Child-Rapport” is quite below average in the study area. This could be influenced by the working nature in the environment where several parent will have to leave home early and come back very late in the night. This situation does not however appear conducive for close parental care or relationship except on holidays. Also the study area belong to high social classes where most childcare are entrusted into the hands of nanny, house girl / boy or in some cases the grannies.

Sexuality communication is relatively absent in Nigeria or perhaps below expectation especially among the respondents studied. It is expected that highly educated parent would always be able to communicate adequately with their children on such a matter but the study revealed the contrary. Only a quarter of respondents have ever received sexuality information from their parents. About the same number (25%) have it on a continuous basis while only 28% have never discussed it with their parents (table 1). Among those who have ever received such enlightenment, only 14.9% of the total respondents enjoy freedom of discussing any sensitive issue at home with their parents. Majority of respondents are not permitted nor have the freedom to chat on sexual issues with those they are staying with or their parents. However, about 48 (i.e. 42.1%) out of the whole respondents are currently in an intimate sexual relationship. About 18 (15.8%) have experienced broken relationship at their tender ages (table 1).

Adolescents, media and adult entertainment

Despite the fact that information about sexuality is lacking in most homes, several parents have consented to (‘permission by impression’) sexual relationship between their boys and girls and other girls and boys respectively. This represents the parent that directly or indirectly approved social relationship between their girls / boys and other boys and girls. About 35.1% of the respondents answered ‘Yes’ to the question: Are your parents aware about your relationship with your boy friend (s)/ girl friend (s)? About 11% will never dare allowing their parents to know of such relationship (table 2).

The study shows that about 57.9% watch television for about 2-5 hours per day, followed by 28.9% watchers for between 6-8 hours, while only 7.9% claimed they watch television for up to 9 and 12 hours daily. Others that watch above this hour were completely ignored purposively. This finding is in line with American experience where an average teenager is observed to be watching three hours of television a day and that most events they watch contains heavy doses of sexual content, ranging from touching, kissing, jokes, and innuendo to conversations about sexual activity and portrayals of intercourse (Collins, et al, 2004). Virtually all respondents have access to internet facility and about 84.2% surf internet for an average of 2-5 hours per day (table 2). While majority would not want to do so in the presence of their parents, about 26% would not mind even browsing while father or mum is present.

Exposure to adult entertainment and sexual behaviour

While there are various media through which adolescents get exposed to them, the most common source is therefore TV as confirmed by the study. Over 75% encounter such on TV programs. About 65% get in contact with pornography via videos while print media and internet offer 40% and 35% of pornography shows respectively, thus affirming the generalization that majority of adolescents view or get exposed to adult entertainment through watching television and seeing movies. About 2/3 of the respondents have ever experienced sexual intercourse and almost half of this figure (48.8%) were exposure so adult entertainment while about 51.2% have not (table 3). Also, the report shows that 10 out of 32 respondents who have not experienced sexual intercourse claimed they have never been exposed to adult entertainment at all.

Adolescents’ opinion about adult entertainment

Table 4 shows that 45.6% of the respondents strongly agreed to the fact that adult entertainment gingers instinct to have sexual intercourse while 20.4% of the total respondents disagreed. About 0.9% could not make up their minds while 28.1 % only agreed that the habit can influence sexual desire. Overall, 82 respondents out of a total of 114 respondents admitted that viewing or indulging in adult entertainment could result in adversely affecting the sexuality of adolescents.

Three hypotheses were formulated viz: (1) that adult entertainment has an adverse effect on young adolescents’ sexuality (2) that the parenting lifestyle encourage young adolescents to go into adult entertainment and (3) that sex education can serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents. The results are indicated in table 5, 6 and 7 respectively. These were tested using statistical method of Chi- square (X2). This was calculated using SPSS.

The proposition that adult entertainment could have negative effect on adolescent’s sexual behaviour was confirmed (table 5). At 5% level of significance, X2 tab is far less than the X2 cal(100.56). Therefore one can assert following the observation of Walsh-Childers & Brown (1993) that greater exposure will culminate in adoption and manifestation of such illicit sexual behaviour. A child that is exposed to sexual content will tend to behave along the scene he / she viewed.

Table 5 revealed that the style of parenting in Nigeria encourages their adolescents to go into adult entertainment (X2 cal = 29.86). This finding is supported by Tschann & Adler (1997) who observed that in some homes, sexual matters are cloaked with secrecy and discussions of sexual concerns are infrequent or absent entirely. Many adolescents are simply uncomfortable discussing their sexuality and most of them do not receive any information about reproduction or contraception from their parents. However, the likelihood that adolescents will talk to their parents depends on the degree of the relationship existing between then (Papini, Farmer, Clark& Snell; 1998) as well as their levels of self esteem and individuation. This implies that young adolescents will not bring their sexual concerns to their parents because they are still in the early stages of the process of individuation and thus resorted to other sources. This confirmed that sex education can serve as substitute to adult entertainment at 5% level of significance and with X2 tab (9.49) < than X2 cal (72.02) as indicated in Table 5.

Religion and nudity

There is no law that approves pornography in Nigeria and nudity is still a foreign practice or custom in the cultural context of Nigeria in general. However, some cultural rites permit exposure of some part of the body during festival especially but not absolute nudity as being encouraged by today’s media under watchful e yes of religious bodies. Nudity permissiveness is becoming a serious concern to well-meaning moralists and dedicated disciplined individuals especially because of the way bodies are being revealed sanctioned by the free use of some body-exposed dressings in public places and even at the sacred places like churches or religious centres.

The silent posture of the church and the presence of scanty dressing in churches depict a vagrant approval of the dressing. In the FGD, some participants believed that pornographic material violates the commandment of God that says: “Thou shalt not . . . commit adultery . . . nor do anything like unto it” (Deut 5:18; Exo 20:14) and it is believed that such can lead to other serious sins. Members of the Church should therefore avoid pornography in any form and should oppose its production, distribution, and use.

Conclusion and recommendations

This study confirmed that most parents do not usually engage their children in sex education and neither do the children feel free to discuss sexually- related issues with their parents, a major gap in the families that adolescents are striving hard to fill through any available source and at all costs. Amongst the interesting observations revealed in this study is that many adolescents feel at ease watching television with their parents around them but they are not always comfortable surfing the internet with their parents or adult around. Privacy is in most cases extremely limited in TV watching whereas adolescent would prefer exploring the privacy inherent in internet (cyber-cafÃ© for example) and watch whatever he / she wants.

Pornography is the most common form of adult entertainment that adolescents are exposed to in Nigeria and erotic dancing, prostitution, sex shows and stripping were not popular. While the most common medium through which they access this is television, more males view adult entertainment than females. Many adolescents can comfortably watch TV with their parents, while they would not want to watch other media while older adult or parents are around. Several agreed that what they watch can encourage them to have sexual experience and relationship. But while the study confirmed that adult entertainment could have adverse effect on adolescent sexual behaviour, adequate sex education would serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents.

The mass media and technological advancement of the 21st century has played a major role in the spread of adult entertainment as adolescents can obtain easily, such information from the internet and by watching movies on television. Most adolescents in Nigerian are greatly exposed to adult entertainment. It is however evident that lack of adequate sex education in homes by parents / guardians and at schools by teachers is largely responsible for the desperate adventure on the part of the adolescent to “satisfy the missing link at all cost”. This unmet need at home necessitates the scrambling for it from other sources, which in most cases, is usually satisfied by peers, with its subsequent misdemeanors. Where cultivation theory applies: adoption of expressed values and beliefs follow and behaviour becomes altered. This will push them into the experimentation of what they have been exposed to, in the form of sexual relations.

It is believed, based on the findings in this study, that adolescents’ sexuality can be re-molded to generated sustainable, responsible, well-informed and well-equipped future generation of mature adults and successful parents. The findings here are meant to direct stakeholders’ action in overhauling (where necessary) the wobbling image of a society that has virtually lost its moral values of good behaviour in the area of sexuality. Therefore it is on this the paper submit that the high rate of adolescent indulgence in adult entertainment could be curbed by provision of adequate sex education for adolescents in normal open settings like schools, seminars, religious houses, rather than the current clandestine campaigning syndrome. Sexuality programme / courses should be developed and integrated into the curriculum of academic institutions especially at secondary and tertiary levels. A high degree of Parent-Child Closeness (PCC) should be made a major priority in every home because this ultimately translates to the child feeling free to discuss sensitive matters, even those involving sexuality, with the parents. Restrictions should also be placed on the mass media by the government; scrutinizing and stiff censorship should be placed on media coverage of sexuality matters. The mass media should then be made to provide alternative forms of entertainment for adolescents, which would educate them academically in matters concerning their age.

References

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Brown, J. D., & Steele, J. R. 1995. Sex and the mass media (Report No. 1093). Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., Strouse, J. S., Pettey, G., & Shatzer, M. 1993. Adolescents’ and young adults’ exposure to sexually oriented and sexually explicit media. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 99-112). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

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Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. 1993. Adolescents’ Acceptance off Sex-Role Stereotypes and Television Viewing. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 117-133). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

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PPENDIX

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents

Variables

Frequency

Percent

Sex

Male

44.7

Female

55.3

Total

114

100.0

Age group

12- 16

5.3

17- 21

65.8

22- 24

28.9

Total

114

100.0

Living status of parents

Both living together

81.6

Separated

5.3

Divorced

Single

12.3

Total

114

100.0

Closeness to parents

Very close

31.6

48.2

Undecided

8.8

Quite distant

8.8

Very distant

2.6

Total

114

100.0

Regularity of discussion of sexual matters with Parents

Very frequently

7.0

Frequently

15.8

Often

14.0

Less frequently

35.1

Never

28.1

Total

114

100.0

Sensitive discussion with Parents

Very frequent

14.9

Not at all

31.6

Sometimes

24.6

Rarely

28.9

Total

114

100.0

Respondent in relationship

In relationship

42.1

Not In relationship

42.1

Broken relationship

15.8

Total

114

100.0

Table 2: Adolescents and medium of adult entertainment

Parent’s awareness of child’s Relationship

Number

Percentage

Yes

35.1

28.9

Never been in a relationship

36.0

Hours of watching television / cinema

2- 5 hrs

57.9

6- 8 hrs

28.9

9- 12 hrs

7.9

13 hrs & above

5.3

Surfing Internet

2- 5 hrs

84.2

6- 8 hrs

7.9

9- 12 hrs

5.3

13 hrs & above

2.6

Watching TV with Parent / Elderly

Yes

50.9

49.1

Surf Internet with Adult Around

Yes

38.6

61.4

Exposure to sex shows

Frequency

Percent

Yes (Exposed)

34.2

Not Exposed

65.8

Exposure to erotic materials

Frequency

Percent

Yes

43.9

56.1

Exposure to stripping

Frequency

Percent

Yes

33.3

66.7

Contact with sex workers

Yes

11.4

101

88.6

Sex inclusion in Sermon / Teaching in Churches

Ever Heard

30.7

Never Heard it

69.3

Parent’s Religion

Christianity

114

100.0

Table 3: Exposure to adult entertainment and sexual behaviour

Exposure to Pornography

Exposed

Not Exposed

Total

Medium

Yes

74.6

25.4

114

Video

64.9

35.1

114

Cinema

12.3

100

87.7

114

Print media magazine

40.4

59.6

114

Radio

8.8

104

91.2

114

Internet

35.1

64.9

114

Club Houses

23.7

76.3

114

Exposed

Not Exposed

Sexual behaviour

Yes

Total

Ever experienced intercourse

48.8

51.2

Never experienced intercourse

31.3

68.8

Have intercourse very frequently

50.0

Have intercourse frequently

46.2

53.8

Have intercourse less often

50.0

Exposure by Sex

Male

80.4

19.6

Female

41.3

58.7

Tables 4: Adolescents’ opinion about adult entertainment

Issues

Strongly agree

Agree

Undecided

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

It encourage drive for sex

(45.6%)

32 (28.1)

(0.9%)

20 (17.5%)

(2.9)

114

Adolescents are greatly exposed to it

(71.9%)

29 (25.4%)

(0.9%)

(1.8%)

114

Parent’s life style induces Adult Entertainment

(26.3%)

41 (36.0%)

(14.9%)

19 (16.7%)

(6.1)

114

Formal sex education is a substitute

(44.7%)

37 (32.5%)

(11.4%)

11 (9.6%)

(1.8%)

114

It has negative effect of adolescent’s sexuality

(53.5%)

31 (27.2%)

(11.4%)

(4.4%)

(3.5%)

114

Table 5: Adult entertainment, style of parenting and sex education effect on Adolescents Sexuality

Adult entertainment has a negative effect on Adolescent Sexuality

Opinion

Observed (oi)

Expected (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

22.8

38.2

1459.24

64.00

Agree

22.8

8.2

67.24

2.95

Undecided

22.8

-9.8

96.04

4.21

Disagree

22.8

-17.8

316.84

13.90

Strongly disagree

22.8

-18.8

353.44

15.50

Total

114

100.56

Style of parenting in Nigeria is responsible for indulgence in Adult Entertainment

Opinion

Observed (oi)

Expected (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

22.8

7.2

51.84

2.27

Agree

22.8

18.2

331.24

14.53

Undecided

22.8

-3.8

14.44

0.63

Disagree

22.8

-5.8

33.64

1.48

Strongly disagree

22.8

-15.8

249.64

10.95

Total

114

29.86

Sex education will reduce spread of Adult entertainment amongst adolescents

Opinion

Observed (oi)

Expected (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

22.8

28.2

795.24

34.88

Agree

22.8

14.2

201.64

8.84

Undecided

22.8

-9.8

96.04

4.21

Disagree

22.8

-11.8

139.24

6.11

Strongly disagree

22.8

-20.8

432.64

18.98

Total

114

72.02

Originally published here.

Amoo Emmanuel

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