If you’ve used an iPhone, it’s the same. If not, you can pick up the techniques pretty quickly. The interface creates a personal connection between you and what you’re doing. There’s no mouse cursor; you directly manipulate what you want on the screen. This makes the whole experience kind of fun. Sometimes the whole touch interface isn’t the most accurate or perfect, but I found the margin of error to be acceptable, especially when you consider what any alternative methods of navigating there could be, like a mouse or a roller ball.

All iPad models can connect to the internet through a wi-fi connection, while 3G models connect through the cell phone network for a price. The speed of the 3G reminds me of internet speeds from about ten years ago, but given the fact that I could surf the web far from any regular connection quickly made up for the lack of speed. But be warned, the 3G speeds are only useful for light web surfing and emailing. I ran into a download size limit a few times (especially trying to download certain apps) on the 3G network that forced me to seek out a wi-fi connection to finish the job.

The iPad is awesome if you’re looking to just have fun. Movies look great on the screen and the speaker is loud and clear enough to enjoy video and music without earphones. Organizing and viewing photos is rather easy; Apple even provides a few add-ons that allow the iPad to interface with cameras so you can download and view photos on the iPad. A lot of photographers are apparently using this capability to QC photos on the high-resolution iPad screen instead of the small LCD screen most cameras have these days. I pulled up a few photos of the kids and they looked great. It’s easy to hand the iPad off to the grandparents, “Here’s the latest album of the kids at Christmas.” It saves hauling around a photo album, but I can’t remember the last time I hauled around a photo album anyway.

Apple’s iBook, its downloadable reader, allows you to read books on the go much like the Kindle. In fact, you can get a Kindle app and access the Kindle’s content as well. Reading on the screen is about the same as reading a large-print novel. There’s a market of comic books too, if that’s your thing, which the iPad is really built to display. Two dollars and a minute or two of downloading and you have the latest Marvel issue. If reading is a priority for you, this is a big plus for the iPad. You can literally carry hundreds of books and comic books on the iPad. The weight and space savings is incredible, and having your whole library at your fingertips all the time is a powerful feeling. On the flip side, while there are a lot of free books out there, you’ll still have to pay a price for the convenience… namely the full retail price of the book. As I imagined the ability to carry dozens of books with me downrange, I also remembered the bins of free books at the United Service Organizations (USO). I guess it’s an issue of priorities.

Gaming on the iPad is a new level of interactivity, though many of the games available right now don’t move beyond the capabilities of the games I find on Facebook. No Xbox, Playstation or PC games here, though there are a few out there that provide more depth and capability than some of the shallow shooters that do little more that pass the time. Hopefully more will come because the potential is there. We’ll have to see what the next year or two brings in this department.

One of the biggest areas I was interested in testing was the productivity capabilities of the iPad. I dreamed of the potential of writing up work documents and notes on the go or while waiting around (which is something we do a lot in the military). Apple made a version of their iWorks software for the iPad, namely Pages, Keynote and Numbers… i.e. Apple versions of Word, Powerpoint and Excel. Other note taker, database and spreadsheet apps are available as well. As a work device, the iPad functions like an electronic clipboard. The keyboard shows up whenever you need it and it allows you to type relatively fast compared to a smartphone. But it is no normal size keyboard, so those typing techniques you learned in school won’t work here.

I was forced to develop a new method of typing and I found my endurance to be rather short. In the case of this review, I actually started out writing it on the iPad, but I quickly moved to finish it on a laptop because it was taking too long to type. Apple does make a dockable keyboard for the iPad. It can also connect to any bluetooth keyboard to allow ‘normal’ typing on the iPad. But it would defeat the whole portability of the iPad if you have to slave it to a keyboard on a desk or table.

Where the iPad really stands out is its laptop battery life. Apple says the iPad’s battery can handle ten hours of video playback, which is the biggest battery life killer of any of these devices. In my tests, I could run the iPad off and on all day without draining the battery. I wasn’t running it for twelve hours straight, I did have other things to do, but I was using it pretty heavily and never ran into a dell laptop battery problem. I eventually got into the habit of charging it at night right next to my cell phone and never saw my battery indicator fall below 40%. I’ve never seen a laptop, even my Macs, accomplish that feat.

Where the iPad starts getting into trouble is the fact that it is not designed to be a stand-alone device. Like an iPod or iPhone, it is necessary to connect the iPad to iTunes to move content on and off the device. All music, movies, photos and data files have to pass through iTunes and there is pretty much no way around it (unless someone hacks it, but I’m not getting into that here…). This puts a cramp in trying to move a document from the iPad to a government computer, given the current restrictions on how devices are connected to government networks. If you have a wi-fi or 3G connection, that’s not much of an issue: simply email the file to yourself as an attachment.

But what if you’re somewhere that doesn’t have a wi-fi or 3G connection, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, or a ship at sea? Without those connections, the iPad loses a lot of its functionality. It can still play videos and run apps, but if you want to add something new you need to do it through your iTunes account, which requires a computer with its own storage and internet connection. So, if you already have a laptop that can play your videos, run your productivity programs and play games, why would you need an iPad?

You’ll also run into conversion issues if you plan on using the iPad for work. Knowing how important Powerpoint is to the military, I thought it would be awesome to be able to create, edit and display presentations from the iPad. Keynote is a very powerful presentation program that can read and edit Powerpoint files. The downside to this is: while iPad’s Keynote can open and edit a Powerpoint file, it cannot export a Powerpoint file. You’d have to export it to Keynote on a Mac and then figure out a way to get it to your presentation system. That extra step may be enough to kill the convenience… if you can’t move the file off the iPad, why spend the money and effort to build it there? This is the biggest problem for all productivity apps. Again, if you can connect the iPad through a wi-fi or 3G, the advantages may out weight the disadvantages. Take away those connections and those disadvantages really become an issue.

Bottom line, the iPad is a fun device and does what it’s designed to do very well. But it’s not one that will really lighten your load if you’re going downrange. It’s not going to replace your laptop… you’ll still need it to make the iPad work. And if you already have a laptop, it can perform those work functions better than the iPad, as well as play those movies and games.

Of course, the iPad was never designed to replace your laptop, so I may be asking more of the iPad than it was ever intended to deliver. My perspective came from looking at my Mac world and seeing where the iPad would fit. I guess I’m wishing Apple broadened the iPad’s possibilities a little more. Maybe a few new apps can could change this, but they don’t exist right now.

I’d say portability and battery(asus battery) life are the iPad’s biggest advantages; but at a starting price of $500 and going up to $830, you’d have to really want those advantages to make it worth the price. If surfing the web, writing emails, watching videos and playing games are what you want and you have the money to spend, then the iPad is exactly what you want.

Originally published here.

If you’ve used an iPhone, it’s the same. If not, you can pick up the techniques pretty quickly. The interface creates a personal connection between you and what you’re doing. There’s no mouse cursor; you directly manipulate what you want on the screen. This makes the whole experience kind of fun. Sometimes the whole touch interface isn’t the most accurate or perfect, but I found the margin of error to be acceptable, especially when you consider what any alternative methods of navigating there could be, like a mouse or a roller ball.

All iPad models can connect to the internet through a wi-fi connection, while 3G models connect through the cell phone network for a price. The speed of the 3G reminds me of internet speeds from about ten years ago, but given the fact that I could surf the web far from any regular connection quickly made up for the lack of speed. But be warned, the 3G speeds are only useful for light web surfing and emailing. I ran into a download size limit a few times (especially trying to download certain apps) on the 3G network that forced me to seek out a wi-fi connection to finish the job.

The iPad is awesome if you’re looking to just have fun. Movies look great on the screen and the speaker is loud and clear enough to enjoy video and music without earphones. Organizing and viewing photos is rather easy; Apple even provides a few add-ons that allow the iPad to interface with cameras so you can download and view photos on the iPad. A lot of photographers are apparently using this capability to QC photos on the high-resolution iPad screen instead of the small LCD screen most cameras have these days. I pulled up a few photos of the kids and they looked great. It’s easy to hand the iPad off to the grandparents, “Here’s the latest album of the kids at Christmas.” It saves hauling around a photo album, but I can’t remember the last time I hauled around a photo album anyway.

Apple’s iBook, its downloadable reader, allows you to read books on the go much like the Kindle. In fact, you can get a Kindle app and access the Kindle’s content as well. Reading on the screen is about the same as reading a large-print novel. There’s a market of comic books too, if that’s your thing, which the iPad is really built to display. Two dollars and a minute or two of downloading and you have the latest Marvel issue. If reading is a priority for you, this is a big plus for the iPad. You can literally carry hundreds of books and comic books on the iPad. The weight and space savings is incredible, and having your whole library at your fingertips all the time is a powerful feeling. On the flip side, while there are a lot of free books out there, you’ll still have to pay a price for the convenience… namely the full retail price of the book. As I imagined the ability to carry dozens of books with me downrange, I also remembered the bins of free books at the United Service Organizations (USO). I guess it’s an issue of priorities.

Gaming on the iPad is a new level of interactivity, though many of the games available right now don’t move beyond the capabilities of the games I find on Facebook. No Xbox, Playstation or PC games here, though there are a few out there that provide more depth and capability than some of the shallow shooters that do little more that pass the time. Hopefully more will come because the potential is there. We’ll have to see what the next year or two brings in this department.

One of the biggest areas I was interested in testing was the productivity capabilities of the iPad. I dreamed of the potential of writing up work documents and notes on the go or while waiting around (which is something we do a lot in the military). Apple made a version of their iWorks software for the iPad, namely Pages, Keynote and Numbers… i.e. Apple versions of Word, Powerpoint and Excel. Other note taker, database and spreadsheet apps are available as well. As a work device, the iPad functions like an electronic clipboard. The keyboard shows up whenever you need it and it allows you to type relatively fast compared to a smartphone. But it is no normal size keyboard, so those typing techniques you learned in school won’t work here.

I was forced to develop a new method of typing and I found my endurance to be rather short. In the case of this review, I actually started out writing it on the iPad, but I quickly moved to finish it on a laptop because it was taking too long to type. Apple does make a dockable keyboard for the iPad. It can also connect to any bluetooth keyboard to allow ‘normal’ typing on the iPad. But it would defeat the whole portability of the iPad if you have to slave it to a keyboard on a desk or table.

Where the iPad really stands out is its laptop battery life. Apple says the iPad’s battery can handle ten hours of video playback, which is the biggest battery life killer of any of these devices. In my tests, I could run the iPad off and on all day without draining the battery. I wasn’t running it for twelve hours straight, I did have other things to do, but I was using it pretty heavily and never ran into a dell laptop battery problem. I eventually got into the habit of charging it at night right next to my cell phone and never saw my battery indicator fall below 40%. I’ve never seen a laptop, even my Macs, accomplish that feat.

Where the iPad starts getting into trouble is the fact that it is not designed to be a stand-alone device. Like an iPod or iPhone, it is necessary to connect the iPad to iTunes to move content on and off the device. All music, movies, photos and data files have to pass through iTunes and there is pretty much no way around it (unless someone hacks it, but I’m not getting into that here…). This puts a cramp in trying to move a document from the iPad to a government computer, given the current restrictions on how devices are connected to government networks. If you have a wi-fi or 3G connection, that’s not much of an issue: simply email the file to yourself as an attachment.

But what if you’re somewhere that doesn’t have a wi-fi or 3G connection, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, or a ship at sea? Without those connections, the iPad loses a lot of its functionality. It can still play videos and run apps, but if you want to add something new you need to do it through your iTunes account, which requires a computer with its own storage and internet connection. So, if you already have a laptop that can play your videos, run your productivity programs and play games, why would you need an iPad?

You’ll also run into conversion issues if you plan on using the iPad for work. Knowing how important Powerpoint is to the military, I thought it would be awesome to be able to create, edit and display presentations from the iPad. Keynote is a very powerful presentation program that can read and edit Powerpoint files. The downside to this is: while iPad’s Keynote can open and edit a Powerpoint file, it cannot export a Powerpoint file. You’d have to export it to Keynote on a Mac and then figure out a way to get it to your presentation system. That extra step may be enough to kill the convenience… if you can’t move the file off the iPad, why spend the money and effort to build it there? This is the biggest problem for all productivity apps. Again, if you can connect the iPad through a wi-fi or 3G, the advantages may out weight the disadvantages. Take away those connections and those disadvantages really become an issue.

Bottom line, the iPad is a fun device and does what it’s designed to do very well. But it’s not one that will really lighten your load if you’re going downrange. It’s not going to replace your laptop… you’ll still need it to make the iPad work. And if you already have a laptop, it can perform those work functions better than the iPad, as well as play those movies and games.

Of course, the iPad was never designed to replace your laptop, so I may be asking more of the iPad than it was ever intended to deliver. My perspective came from looking at my Mac world and seeing where the iPad would fit. I guess I’m wishing Apple broadened the iPad’s possibilities a little more. Maybe a few new apps can could change this, but they don’t exist right now.

I’d say portability and battery(asus battery) life are the iPad’s biggest advantages; but at a starting price of $500 and going up to $830, you’d have to really want those advantages to make it worth the price. If surfing the web, writing emails, watching videos and playing games are what you want and you have the money to spend, then the iPad is exactly what you want.

Originally published here.

Originally published here.

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Home Page > Home and Family > Interesting Collector’s Group

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Interesting Collector’s Group

By: Steven Magill
Posted: Mar 02, 2010

]]>

There are so many interesting hobbies to start these days. The advent of the internet has made collecting things possible all over the world and has made a common place for others with similar tastes and likings to converge in cyberspace. Collectively, this has been good for all enthusiasts regardless of whatever particular interest one may have for there is now a commonplace for them to meet and this exchange of information, ideas, and networks increases the availability of items for sale, for trade and for discussion. The more people involved the better. Here are some of the more interesting groups of collectors that may fit your tastes:

- Antique Door Knob collector. These are collectors who are fascinated with the unique door knobs throughout the centuries. OF course the most prominent of door knobs are those from Italy with its many designs and materials used. There are even some door knobs using ivory as well. The value of these door knobs can reach the thousands of dollars if authenticated and most aficionados are also interested with the engineering side of these door knobs like the locking mechanism. Some door knobs are those of huge doors which has key sets that weigh more than twenty pounds.

- Comic Book collector. This is a very popular group. More than a million collectors online and these guys have been collecting comic books ever since it first became fashionable to have one. One of the most popular ones is the first editions of Superman and Batman from the DC Comics. There are all sorts of types of grades of comics based on how they are preserved. From mint to used, the prices vary as well. Some collect comic books based on the illustrator. Why is this group so popular? It must have something to do with being a kid and remembering those comic books that helped us grow up. To some extent, comic books are inspirational to those who wished they were like their heroes, and maybe if not in strength, then in values and beliefs

- Watch collector. Being a watch collector is again appreciating both the engineering and precision aspect of any watch. Having imbedded jewelry on the time face and bevels is probably a worthwhile bonus but the devil is in the details. The fascination of watches has to do with the precision of the components of the watches. Finding out just how complicated a watch is, with its movements done in miniature almost microscopic pieces is an example of what man can accomplish despite his limitations.

Steven Magill – About the Author:

Antique door knobs are great collector’s items. But it is also very good for our doors. You can check out more discount door knobs now. Great pieces and great finds for your homes.

Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/home-and-family-articles/interesting-collector039s-group-1928083.html

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if(ch_selected == ch_queries.length) ch_selected–;
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antique door knobs, discount door knobs, emtek door knobs, kitchen door knobs, crystal door knobs

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Introduction

 The quest for information is growing daily and the relevance of media as a supplier and disseminators of information to large populations cannot be overemphasized.   The Media is recognized as a powerful tool that is indispensable and capable of presentation of factual and balanced information that can shape public opinions and enhance structural change in human behaviour.  However, their roles today are becoming more worrisome and misunderstood especially in the area of sexuality.  There exist today raging controversies surrounding the way sexuality is being portrayed in the media in respect of the way the media tends to reinforce stereotypes and coverage of sexual issues (Tiemoko, 2006. p.6-10) and the extent of religious silence over these media activities.

Today, a publication might be regarded as incomplete without featuring a scantily clad girl or presenting sex figures (Suzanne, et al (2006). The preponderance of sexual attractive scenes inform of entertainment is becoming appalling and called for concern especially in this age that the younger ones are the closest to such media especially the visual media (e.g. television, video, etc).  The effects of uncontrolled, uncultured and illicit sexual behaviour such as HIV/AIDS, unwanted/unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school, unemployment, poverty, crimes, and overall consequences on economic development cannot be overemphasized.  Thus, there is need for adequate assessment to discover and filter out wrong information and the sources of such information in the lives of these adolescents who are supposed to be the future leaders of our society. 

Regulation of sexual behaviour supposed to be the general concern of many religious groups at all times and in every setting.  But the extent to which any religious group can regulate sexual behaviour of her congregation or society depends on  whether such religion is world–rejecting in its response to the prevalence of societal values or whether it has become world affirming (Ojo, 2007).  The side in which the religion belongs determines the perspective of sexuality as well as her response to the society in which it operates.

While some evangelical groups have succeeded in conservatism approach to sexual behaviour, several have veered away from this traditional religious conservatism.  The Oneida community of New York in the mid-eighteenth century practiced free love with common wives and single family structure and the Mormons practice of a form of polygamy that encouraged mating to populate the world with godly children (Foster, 1994).  Also the Odumosu Emmanuel, the Jesus of Oyingbo’ saga at Maryland, Lagos is another vivid example of possession of sexual privileges over female members and wives.  There are therefore several initiatives that encourage sexual latitude in the Christendom today with yet untold effects on the new generation of adolescents among which is the global news of recent ordination of homosexual gays as priests and Bishops in Anglican sect.  All these are pointers to the sexual latitude being permitted by the church.  The manner in which religious groups especially christianity permits, is silent on adult entertainment and all its associate influencing factor of sexuality raises questions on what the moral responsibility of churches is regarding sexuality and it also raises question about the new societal perspective of responsible sexuality.

According to Monroy de Valasco (1982), the developing countries have over 1 billion adolescents who are physically old enough to reproduce but who are far too young to be responsible healthy parents of healthy children (Monroy de Valasco, 1982).  The above assertion could not be unconnected with the absence of the vital sexuality information in homes and uncontrolled access the young folks are having to mostly uncensored scenes.  Ill-informed children especially in the areas of procreativity could engender irresponsible adults/parents with great adverse effect on their siblings and the circle might continue if nothing is done to salvage the situation.  Thus, this research was instituted to break the circle of misinformation and misperceptions regarding adult entertainment in our society.

The globalization of western culture, although with positive advancement in economic development, has engendered infiltration of this culture into fabrics of Nigeria system with visible dominance (Rodney, 1976).  This is more pronounced in some lifestyles like dressing, speaking, work ethics, mode of entertainment and views on sexuality.   One of the sources of this is adult entertainment pivoted and propelled by the media.  Adult entertainment comprises all activities where predominantly women perform sexual acts for payment that include all sex shows, live sex shows — lap and pole dancing, sports bars, stripping, saunas (with extras), prostitution.   It also includes ‘pay-to-view’ internet access and TV/DVD’s, pornography, telephone sex lines, sex shops, etc. (YWCA, 2006).   It is no gain saying that these activities have crept into Nigerian society and remained till date due, amongst others, to the hunger for westernization. 

In all spheres of life, sexuality is considered vital and unavoidable especially in the religious arena where it is traditionally affirmed to be a divinely bestowed blessing for expressing love and generating life and for mutual companionship and pleasure but it also so much bedeviled with misuse, exploitation, abuse, and suffering (RAND Health, 2007).  This therefore implies that sexuality matters require wisdom which should begin to develop from childhood.  Inasmuch as it is vital for the young people to know about their sexuality, it is equally vital that the sources of such information should be unbiased, free from misconception and thoroughly monitored by the older people like the parents.  Thus, this study was therefore carried out to examine the effect of adult entertainment, assess its level of pollution and its potential magnitude in terms of influencing adolescents’ sexual behaviour.  

Testable propositions were proffered to ascertain whether adult entertainment has adverse effect on young adolescents’ sexuality, to confirm parents’ style in Nigeria as encouragement to accessing obscene materials and test whether sex education can serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents.

The apriori expectation was that the study will help in providing solution to wrong and inappropriate sex information brought about by exposure to adult entertainment by young adolescents.   It is conceived that adult entertainment could implant misconceptions about sex into the young folks and lead to wrong and inappropriate demonstration of such sexual activities that may inadvertently degenerate to unimaginable delinquencies such as teen-parenting, abortion, masturbation, rape, exhibitionism, voyeurism, to mention but few.  This pilot study would however lay foundation for a bigger study from which other generalizations can be made

Literature Review

Adolescence and sexual development

According to Dehart, Sroufe & Cooper (2004), adolescence can be thought of as a second revolution in human development, the first occurring during the toddler period, when a child emerges from an infant.  During adolescence, a child is transformed into a young adult and qualitative advances can be visible in all developmental areas especially the physical changes.  Just as toddlers lose their former babyish shape, so do adolescents lose the look of children.  Not only do they grow taller, heavier and stronger, but their body proportions change and secondary sex characteristics develop.  For males this includes a broadening of the shoulders, enlargement of the genitals, and growth of hair on various parts of the body.  For females it includes widening of the hips, development of breasts, and the growth of pubic and underarm hair.  Both sexes, of course, acquire the capacity for reproduction.

Adolescents develop a much greater feeling of autonomy, which is why psychoanalytic theorists refer to adolescence as a second individuation.  The first individuation occurs in toddler hood, when children come to understand their basic separateness from parents (Dehart et al; 2004). In adolescence, the individuation process is carried much further.  Now young people come to understand they have inner feelings that even parents cannot know.  Accompanying this individuation is deidentification with parents (Dehart et al; 2004).  Teenagers are moving towards their own ideals, goals, and values, their own unique characters.  They are establishing a sense of personal identity; a knowledge of who they are as separate from their parents, and of what their place in the world is.

Most adolescents do not receive any information about reproduction or contraception from their parents.  It was established that the level of discussion on sexuality between children and their parents is a function of the quality of the relationship they have with them (Papini, et al, 1998) as well as their levels of self esteem and individuation (Papini et al; 1998).  This last point suggests that young adolescents especially, will not bring their sexual concerns to their parents because they are still in the early stages of the process of individuation.  Because of this, they tend to turn to some other sources of information on their sexuality.

Obscenity and sexual behaviour

There is widespread belief that a causal relationship exists between an allegedly increased dissemination of obscene material and the increase of juvenile delinquency rates.   Observations show that most children begin viewing television in early childhood the major cause of fears among the parents regarding its adverse effects.  For the pre-school child, television in modern America now fulfils the function that the grandparent is said to have performed in a less hectic age—- that of an amusing babysitter. Children on the average watch television for two or three hours a day (Himmelweit et al; 1958).  Many view even the late evening programmes.  Nielsen ratings show that of an audience of 100 at 10 p.m., eight are teen-agers and six are children; as late as 11:30 p.m., five teen-agers and three children are still in the audience (New York Times; 1960) The other media are pale in significance when compared to television. Radio as a source of entertainment has been largely supplanted by the newer medium; it is in places where television cannot reach that radio listening is widespread. Only comic books begin to compete with television for the child’s interest. One research team found that 83 per cent of the children in their sample; under 11 years of age, and 50 per cent of those between 11 and 17 years,  read more than two comics a week (Lazarsfeld, et al,1948-9).

Religion and adult entertainment

A major characteristic of adult entertainment is nudity and scanty dressing and the two traits could be used interchangeably to describe adult entertainment as being shown by the media.  It has eaten deep into the fabric of the society today and represents a common way of life of most adolescents.  Pornography per se connotes any material depicting or describing the human body or sexual conduct in a way that arouses sexual feelings.  It is distributed through many media, including magazines, books, television, movies, music, and the internet. It is as harmful to the spirit as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are to the body

In recent past, relaxation on dressing habit was not as visibly rampant as experience today, especially among young girls in Nigeria. The sanctity of proper dressing was always adhered to few years back.  Until now, proper dressing was regarded as socio-cultural and normal moral standard that required no instruction or advice before it is followed by every man and woman.   It was normal to find young girls appropriately dressing in a manner that represents dignity and respect for womanhood.   Nowadays, the event has been overturned and conspicuously replaced by obscene habit of half nakedness and nudity.  While the phenomenon would have been regarded as mere advent of new culture or cultural imposition from the western world, it is surprising that it’s excessively display in common and ‘reserved places’ calls for concern.  Also, the fact that the category concerned falls in the specific younger age groups and especially among the young adolescents girls make it a worrisome development that could have some specific effects in the future development of these groups and perhaps a damaging missile into the lives of the adolescents who are the most vulnerable group. 

Religiously, clothing should be regarded as an invitation to virtue rather than being an incitement to sin.  It is therefore a surprise to see different things around in the world today.  The purpose of clothing has been lost in the society today and the seemingly sneaky behaviour in the past has permeated the nooks and crannies of religious centres, especially the church.  But while some clerics or religious houses frown at this phenomenon, several sanction this trend either by omission or commission and it is now looking like a common thing to gaze virtually into parts of the human body network from the dressing habits of some adolescents and even adults.

The traditional central tenet of Christian perspective on sexuality has been chastity.  This gives rise to the morality of abstinence from pre-marital sex, healthy boy-girl relationship and higher value for virginity.  However, the observable uncontrolled permissiveness in terms of the ‘ingredient of promiscuousness’ in some highly referred places calls for concern and this has been, among others, preventing ordinary observers in classifying the churches as either pro-healthy sexuality or anti-healthy sexuality.    

Pornography

There exists a world of difference between pornography and obscenity irrespective of the way and manner they are being used interchangeably.  While pornography implies films, pictures, magazines, etc that present or contain sexual activities or information that intend to make people sexually excited, obscenity refers to the offensive behaviour and languages conditioned by such pornography  (Macmillan English Dictionary, 2006 Edition).  According to the Encyclopedia of Ethics, pornography is defined as “the sexually explicit depiction of persons, in words or images, created with the primary, proximate aim, and reasonable hope, of eliciting significant sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such materials.” (VanDeBeer 1992, 991).  But while the illicit, erotic arousal caused cannot be easily determined on the spot it will eventually transform and manifest in sexual mis-behaviour.  This thus calls for serious concern because it would eventual develop and constitute a social problem that portends great danger for a transiting economy like Nigeria.

The question of how pornography affects human behaviors and attitudes has been a considerable source of controversy and public concern. Vehement oppositions to pornography are based on the fact that it encourages immorality, sexual violence and negative attitudes toward women notwithstanding the support it gained as harmless diversion that may serve to relieve sexual tensions for adults.   In 1986 U.S. Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography concluded that violent pornography “bears a causal relationship to antisocial acts of sexual violence” and that degrading pornography “bears some causal relationship” to violence, sexual aggression, and negative attitudes, such as the myth that women enjoy being raped.   Studies indicate that men who viewed films that were both violent and sexually explicit recorded the highest levels of aggression, followed by those who viewed sexually explicit but nonviolent films. Men record the highest levels of aggression after viewing pornography that portrays women as being sexually aroused by the violence perpetrated against them. According to American researchers Edward Donnerstein, Daniel Lenz, and Steven Penrod, “It is this unique feature of violent pornography—the presentation of the idea that women find sexual violence arousing—that plays an important role in producing violent pornography’s effects.” However, studies have found little correlation between purely erotic nonviolent films and violence or aggression against women (Downs, 2007).

Cultivation theory

Cultivation theory suggests that frequent viewing increases the likelihood of the adoption of expressed values and beliefs that will ultimately alter actual behavior (Brown, 1993; Brown, et al, 1995; Gerbner, et al, 1986). When applied to adolescents’ television consumption, it implies that higher rates of viewing could bring about greater changes in values, beliefs, and resulting behaviors.  In this context, greater exposure to sexual content could lead to greater acceptance of the gender stereotypes (Walsh-Childers, et al, 1993).  Notwithstanding, other evidence suggests that exposure to media content is not equivalent to paying attention to that content (Ward & Rivadeneyra, 1999), especially in an adolescent population where multiple media consumption is common and television use acts as a background to other activities like homework or eating.  However, Grube and Wallack (1994) assumed the level of attention and emotional response given to televised alcohol advertising can mediate the influence of a message as well as the level of identification with the communicator. 

The theory therefore supports the premise that constant exposure of adolescents to adult entertainment such as pornography would eventually lead to their adoption of such practices as well as cultivating them as habits.  This may lead to juvenile delinquencies and vices such as rape, masturbation, prostitution and so on.  Hence, it is deduced with the help of this theory that adult entertainment (which is for adults by the way) could have adverse effects on young adolescents’ sexual behaviour.  As such, entertainment is not targeted for consumption by people of their age.   Also, an earlier study by Healy and Brumer, it was concluded that delinquents were more frequent among movie-goers than other who don’t (Healy, et al, 1936), a finding that was also corroborated by Gluecks (Glueck and Glueck; 1950).  While it is not unlikely that they established a causal relationship between motion picture viewing and juvenile delinquency, it could be assumed that a person who attends movies more often could likely have a stronger urge than the non-delinquent boys for exciting outlets.

Research design

A survey research technique was employed in the study that was carried out in Lagos State of Nigeria and the study population consists of adolescents who fall within the ages of 12 and 24 years inclusive.  Both sexes were included in order to identify the various perspectives of both sexes on the subject matter and to offer opportunity for assessing the influence of the variable on all categories of adolescents.

Although a systematic sampling technique was used in selecting respondents who are adolescents in the study area, the choice of the study areas was very subjective.  The prevalence of constant supply of electricity and other social amenities were considered as the basic determinants of access to the medium of watching or reading materials relating to adult entertainment.  Thus, the resident Districts of Ikeja (GRA), part of Oshodi and Yaba were purposively selected.  In this area, simple random sampling method and Primary Health Care (PHC) house numbering guided the selection of respondents who were interviewed on face-to-face approach. Only 10 houses were selected in each of the 4 enumeration areas chosen in each district.  Overall, 114 questionnaires were processed out of the 120 respondents interviewed by well structured questionnaires.  Two separate focus group discussion (FGD) were organized in these locations for more findings and confirmation of interview outcome

Data analysis

Distributive statistics were employed to assess the socio-demographic characteristic of the respondents and inter-dependent association amongst identified variables and indulgence in adult entertainment.  Data collected were analyzed with SPSS. The frequency distribution, cross tabulations and regression techniques were employed and the empirical results presented in tabular forms.  The hypotheses were tested using the Chi- square (X2) method of analysis, at 5% level of significance, and the appropriate degrees of freedom.  All tables are appended to this paper.

Results and Discussions

This section focuses on discussions of the results from the data analysis.  Several cross- examinations were also made among the identified factors responsible for adolescents’ motivation in indulging in adult entertainment. 

Demographic characteristics of respondents

Sex ratio of Nigeria was purposively used in apportioning quota for both sexes and about 51 males and 63 females were selected as our total sample.  The study revealed that an overwhelming proportion (72%) of respondent’s parents are living together as at the time of survey (82%) while about 10% were from divorced homes (table 1).  This implies that majority of respondents are from stable homes adjudged capable of providing information on sexuality.    The level of rapport within the family is below average (32%), about 11% relates at distant with their parents while about 48% held close tie to parents just because of financial needs. The “Parent-Child-Rapport” is quite below average in the study area.  This could be influenced by the working nature in the environment where several parent will have to leave home early and come back very late in the night.  This situation does not however appear conducive for close parental care or relationship except on holidays.  Also the study area belong to high social classes where most childcare are entrusted into the hands of nanny, house girl / boy or in some cases the grannies.

Sexuality communication is relatively absent in Nigeria or perhaps below expectation especially among the respondents studied. It is expected that highly educated parent would always be able to communicate adequately with their children on such a matter but the study revealed the contrary.  Only a quarter of respondents have ever received sexuality information from their parents.  About the same number (25%) have it on a continuous basis while only 28% have never discussed it with their parents (table 1).   Among those who have ever received such enlightenment, only 14.9% of the total respondents enjoy freedom of discussing any sensitive issue at home with their parents.  Majority of respondents are not permitted nor have the freedom to chat on sexual issues with those they are staying with or their parents.    However, about 48 (i.e. 42.1%) out of the whole respondents are currently in an intimate sexual relationship. About 18 (15.8%) have experienced broken relationship at their tender ages (table 1).

Adolescents, media and adult entertainment

Despite the fact that information about sexuality is lacking in most homes, several parents have consented to (‘permission by impression’) sexual relationship between their boys and girls and other girls and boys respectively.  This represents the parent that directly or indirectly approved social relationship between their girls / boys and other boys and girls.  About 35.1% of the respondents answered ‘Yes’ to the question: Are your parents aware about your relationship with your boy friend (s)/ girl friend (s)?  About 11% will never dare allowing their parents to know of such relationship (table 2).

The study shows that about 57.9% watch television for about 2-5 hours per day, followed by 28.9% watchers for between 6-8 hours, while only 7.9% claimed they watch television for up to 9 and 12 hours daily.  Others that watch above this hour were completely ignored purposively.  This finding is in line with American experience where an average teenager is observed to be watching three hours of television a day and that most events they watch contains heavy doses of sexual content, ranging from touching, kissing, jokes, and innuendo to conversations about sexual activity and portrayals of intercourse (Collins, et al, 2004).  Virtually all respondents have access to internet facility and about 84.2% surf internet for an average of 2-5 hours per day (table 2).  While majority would not want to do so in the presence of their parents, about 26% would not mind even browsing while father or mum is present.

Exposure to adult entertainment and sexual behaviour

While there are various media through which adolescents get exposed to them, the most common source is therefore TV as confirmed by the study.  Over 75% encounter such on TV programs. About 65% get in contact with pornography via videos while print media and internet offer 40% and 35% of pornography shows respectively, thus affirming the generalization that majority of adolescents view or get exposed to adult entertainment through watching television and seeing movies.   About 2/3 of the respondents have ever experienced sexual intercourse and almost half of this figure (48.8%) were exposure so adult entertainment while about 51.2% have not (table 3). Also, the report shows that 10 out of 32 respondents who have not experienced sexual intercourse claimed they have never been exposed to adult entertainment at all.

Adolescents’ opinion about adult entertainment

Table 4 shows that 45.6% of the respondents strongly agreed to the fact that adult entertainment gingers instinct to have sexual intercourse while 20.4% of the total respondents disagreed.  About 0.9% could not make up their minds while 28.1 % only agreed that the habit can influence sexual desire.  Overall, 82 respondents out of a total of 114 respondents admitted that viewing or indulging in adult entertainment could result in adversely affecting the sexuality of adolescents.

Three hypotheses were formulated viz: (1) that adult entertainment has an adverse effect on young adolescents’ sexuality (2) that the parenting lifestyle encourage young adolescents to go into adult entertainment and (3) that sex education can serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents. The results are indicated in table 5, 6 and 7 respectively.  These were tested using statistical method of Chi- square (X2). This was calculated using SPSS.

The proposition that adult entertainment could have negative effect on adolescent’s sexual behaviour was confirmed (table 5).  At 5% level of significance, X2 tab is far less than the X2 cal(100.56).  Therefore one can assert following the observation of Walsh-Childers & Brown (1993) that greater exposure will culminate in adoption and manifestation of such illicit sexual behaviour.  A child that is exposed to sexual content will tend to behave along the scene he / she viewed. 

Table 5 revealed that the style of parenting in Nigeria encourages their adolescents to go into adult entertainment (X2 cal = 29.86).  This finding is supported by Tschann & Adler (1997) who observed that in some homes, sexual matters are cloaked with secrecy and discussions of sexual concerns are infrequent or absent entirely.  Many adolescents are simply uncomfortable discussing their sexuality and most of them do not receive any information about reproduction or contraception from their parents.  However, the likelihood that adolescents will talk to their parents depends on the degree of the relationship existing between then (Papini, Farmer, Clark& Snell; 1998) as well as their levels of self esteem and individuation. This implies that young adolescents will not bring their sexual concerns to their parents because they are still in the early stages of the process of individuation and thus resorted to other sources.  This confirmed that sex education can serve as substitute to adult entertainment at 5% level of significance and with  X2 tab  (9.49) < than  X2 cal  (72.02) as indicated in Table 5.

Religion and nudity

There is no law that approves pornography in Nigeria and nudity is still a foreign practice or custom in the cultural context of Nigeria in general.  However, some cultural rites permit exposure of some part of the body during festival especially but not absolute nudity as being encouraged by today’s media under watchful e yes of religious bodies.  Nudity permissiveness is becoming a serious concern to well-meaning moralists and dedicated disciplined individuals especially because of the way bodies are being revealed sanctioned by the free use of some body-exposed dressings in public places and even at the sacred places like churches or religious centres.

The silent posture of the church and the presence of scanty dressing in churches depict a vagrant approval of the dressing.  In the FGD, some participants believed that pornographic material violates the commandment of God that says: “Thou shalt not . . . commit adultery . . . nor do anything like unto it” (Deut 5:18; Exo 20:14) and it is believed that such can lead to other serious sins. Members of the Church should therefore avoid pornography in any form and should oppose its production, distribution, and use.

Conclusion and recommendations

This study confirmed that most parents do not usually engage their children in sex education and neither do the children feel free to discuss sexually- related issues with their parents, a major gap in the families that adolescents are striving hard to fill through any available source and at all costs.  Amongst the interesting observations revealed in this study is that many adolescents feel at ease watching television with their parents around them but they are not always comfortable surfing the internet with their parents or adult around.  Privacy is in most cases extremely limited in TV watching whereas adolescent would prefer exploring the privacy inherent in internet (cyber-café for example) and watch whatever he / she wants.

Pornography is the most common form of adult entertainment that adolescents are exposed to in Nigeria and erotic dancing, prostitution, sex shows and stripping were not popular. While the most common medium through which they access this is television, more males view adult entertainment than females.  Many adolescents can comfortably watch TV with their parents, while they would not want to watch other media while older adult or parents are around.  Several agreed that what they watch can encourage them to have sexual experience and relationship.  But while the study confirmed that adult entertainment could have adverse effect on adolescent sexual behaviour, adequate sex education would serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents.

The mass media and technological advancement of the 21st century has played a major role in the spread of adult entertainment as adolescents can obtain easily, such information from the internet and by watching movies on television.  Most adolescents in Nigerian are greatly exposed to adult entertainment.  It is however evident that lack of adequate sex education in homes by parents / guardians and at schools by teachers is largely responsible for the desperate adventure on the part of the adolescent to “satisfy the missing link at all cost”. This unmet need at home necessitates the scrambling for it from other sources, which in most cases, is usually satisfied by peers, with its subsequent misdemeanors. Where cultivation theory applies: adoption of expressed values and beliefs follow and behaviour becomes altered.  This will push them into the experimentation of what they have been exposed to, in the form of sexual relations.

It is believed, based on the findings in this study, that adolescents’ sexuality can be re-molded to generated sustainable, responsible, well-informed and well-equipped future generation of mature adults and successful parents.   The findings here are meant to direct stakeholders’ action in overhauling (where necessary) the wobbling image of a society that has virtually lost its moral values of good behaviour in the area of sexuality.  Therefore it is on this the paper submit that the high rate of adolescent indulgence in adult entertainment could be curbed by provision of adequate sex education for adolescents in normal open settings like schools, seminars, religious houses, rather than the current clandestine campaigning syndrome.  Sexuality programme / courses should be developed and integrated into the curriculum of academic institutions especially at secondary and tertiary levels. A high degree of Parent-Child Closeness (PCC) should be made a major priority in every home because this ultimately translates to the child feeling free to discuss sensitive matters, even those involving sexuality, with the parents.  Restrictions should also be placed on the mass media by the government; scrutinizing and stiff censorship should be placed on media coverage of sexuality matters.  The mass media should then be made to provide alternative forms of entertainment for adolescents, which would educate them academically in matters concerning their age.

References

Blumer and Hauser. 1933. was one of a group sponsored by the Payne

Brown, J. D. 1993: Theoretical overview. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss(Eds.),Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 19-25). Cresskill, NJ:Hampton Press.

Brown, J. D., & Steele, J. R. 1995. Sex and the mass media (Report No. 1093). Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., Strouse, J. S., Pettey, G., & Shatzer, M. 1993.  Adolescents’ and young adults’ exposure to sexually oriented and sexually explicit media. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 99-112). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. 

Collins, Rebecca L., Marc N. Elliott, Sandra H. Berry, David E. Kanouse, Dale Kunkel, Sarah B. Hunter, and Angela Miu. 2004. “Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior,” Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 3, September 2004.

Cyril Burt. 1925.  The Young Delinquent p. 137.

Downs, Donald A. 2008. “Pornography.” Microsoft(r) Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signori Elli, N. 1986. Living with television: the dynamics of the cultivation process. In J. Bryant & D. Zillerman (Eds.), Perspectives in media effects (pp.17-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Glueck, E.  1950. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency (1950), p. 161.

Grube, J. W., & Wallack, L. 1994. Television beer advertising and drinking knowledge, beliefs, and intentions among schoolchildren. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 254-259.

Himmelweit et al. 1958.  Television and the Child (1958), pp. 11-12.In Mass Communications, ed. Wilbur ,Schramm (1949), pp. 389, 396-7.

IzIbid., at p. 9.

Lazarsfeld and Kendall. 1960. “The Communications Behavior of the Average American,” New York Times, Feb. 12, 1960, p. 43, col. 3.

Matthews A. Ojo. 2007. Religion and Sexuality: Individuality, Choice and Sexual Rights in Nigerian Christianity. Humanity Sexuality in Africa beyond Reproduction. Edited by  Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, Richmond Tiemoko and Paulina Makinwa-Adebusoye.  Action Health Incorporated. Fanele Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd.

Tiemoko Richmond and Oku-Egbas Arit. 2006. Monitoring Media Coverage of Sexuality: An Introduction. Sexuality In Media, Emerging Issues in Africa. 2005 Edition. Published by Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Centre, ARSRC 2006. ISBN: 978-37944-1-8 P6-10

Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. 1993. Adolescents’ acceptance of sex-role stereotypes and television viewing. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 117-133). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. 1993. Adolescents’ Acceptance off Sex-Role Stereotypes and Television Viewing. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 117-133). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Ward, L. M., & Rivadeneyra, R. 1999. Contributions of entertainment television to adolescents’ sexual attitudes and expectations: The role of viewing amount versus viewer involvement. Journal of Sex Research, 36(3), 237-249.

William Healy and Augusta Bronner. 1936. New Light on Delinquency p. 72.

Wolfe and Fiske, “The Children Tell about Comics,” Communications Research,

PPENDIX

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents

Variables

Frequency

Percent

Sex

Male

51

44.7

Female

63

55.3

Total

114

100.0

Age group

12- 16

6

5.3

17- 21

75

65.8

22- 24

33

28.9

Total

114

100.0

Living status of parents

Both living together

93

81.6

Separated

6

5.3

Divorced

1

.9

Single

14

12.3

Total

114

100.0

Closeness to parents

Very close

36

31.6

Close

55

48.2

Undecided

10

8.8

Quite distant

10

8.8

Very distant

3

2.6

Total

114

100.0

Regularity of discussion  of sexual matters with Parents

Very frequently

8

7.0

Frequently

18

15.8

Often

16

14.0

Less frequently

40

35.1

Never

32

28.1

Total

114

100.0

Sensitive discussion with Parents

Very frequent

17

14.9

Not at all

36

31.6

Sometimes

28

24.6

Rarely

33

28.9

Total

114

100.0

Respondent in relationship

In relationship

48

42.1

Not In relationship

48

42.1

Broken relationship

18

15.8

Total

114

100.0

Table 2: Adolescents and medium of adult entertainment

Parent’s awareness of  child’s Relationship

Number

Percentage

Yes

40

35.1

No

33

28.9

Never been in a relationship

41

36.0

Hours of watching television / cinema

2- 5 hrs

66

57.9

6- 8 hrs

33

28.9

9- 12 hrs

9

7.9

13 hrs & above

6

5.3

Surfing Internet

2- 5 hrs

96

84.2

6- 8 hrs

9

7.9

9- 12 hrs

6

5.3

13 hrs & above

3

2.6

Watching TV with Parent / Elderly

Yes

58

50.9

No

56

49.1

Surf Internet with Adult Around

Yes

44

38.6

No

70

61.4

Exposure to sex shows

Frequency

Percent

Yes (Exposed)

39

34.2

Not Exposed

75

65.8

Exposure to erotic materials

Frequency

Percent

Yes

50

43.9

No

64

56.1

Exposure to stripping

Frequency

Percent

Yes

38

33.3

No

76

66.7

Contact with sex workers

Yes

13

11.4

No

101

88.6

Sex inclusion in Sermon / Teaching in Churches

Ever Heard

35

30.7

Never Heard it

79

69.3

Parent’s Religion

Christianity

114

100.0

Table 3: Exposure to adult entertainment and sexual behaviour

Exposure to Pornography

Exposed

Not Exposed

Total

Medium

Yes

%

No

%

TV

85

 74.6

29

25.4

114

Video

74

 64.9

40

35.1

114

Cinema

14

 12.3

100

87.7

114

Print media magazine

46

 40.4

68

59.6

114

Radio

10

 8.8

104

91.2

114

Internet

40

 35.1

74

64.9

114

Club Houses

27

 23.7

87

76.3

114

Exposed

Not Exposed

Sexual behaviour

Yes

%

No

%

Total

Ever experienced intercourse

40

 48.8

42

51.2

82

Never experienced intercourse

10

 31.3

22

68.8

32

Have intercourse very frequently

8

 50.0

8

50.0

16

Have intercourse frequently

12

 46.2

14

53.8

26

Have intercourse less often

20

 50.0

20

50.0

40

Exposure by Sex

Male

41

80.4

10

19.6

51

Female

26

41.3

37

58.7

63

Tables 4: Adolescents’ opinion about adult entertainment

Issues

Strongly agree

Agree

Undecided

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

It encourage drive for sex

52

(45.6%)

32 (28.1)

1

(0.9%)

20 (17.5%)

9

 (2.9)

114

Adolescents are greatly exposed to it

82

 (71.9%)

29 (25.4%)

0

1

(0.9%)

2

 (1.8%)

114

Parent’s life style induces Adult Entertainment

30

 (26.3%)

41 (36.0%)

17

 (14.9%)

19 (16.7%)

7

 (6.1)

114

Formal sex education is a substitute

51

(44.7%)

37 (32.5%)

13

 (11.4%)

11 (9.6%)

2

(1.8%)

114

It has negative effect of adolescent’s sexuality

61

 (53.5%)

31 (27.2%)

13

(11.4%)

5

 (4.4%)

4

(3.5%)

114

Table 5: Adult entertainment, style of parenting and sex education effect on Adolescents Sexuality

Adult entertainment has a negative effect on Adolescent Sexuality

 Opinion

Observed    (oi)

Expected    (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

61

22.8

38.2

1459.24

64.00

Agree

31

22.8

8.2

67.24

2.95

Undecided

13

22.8

-9.8

96.04

4.21

Disagree

5

22.8

-17.8

316.84

13.90

Strongly disagree

4

22.8

-18.8

353.44

15.50

Total

114

100.56

Style of parenting in Nigeria is responsible for indulgence in Adult Entertainment

Opinion

Observed    (oi)

Expected    (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

30

22.8

7.2

51.84

2.27

Agree

41

22.8

18.2

331.24

14.53

Undecided

19

22.8

-3.8

14.44

0.63

Disagree

17

22.8

-5.8

33.64

1.48

Strongly disagree

7

22.8

-15.8

249.64

10.95

Total

114

29.86

Sex education will reduce spread of Adult entertainment amongst adolescents

 Opinion

Observed   (oi)

Expected   (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

51

22.8

28.2

795.24

34.88

Agree

37

22.8

14.2

201.64

8.84

Undecided

13

22.8

-9.8

96.04

4.21

Disagree

11

22.8

-11.8

139.24

6.11

Strongly disagree

2

22.8

-20.8

432.64

18.98

Total

114

72.02

Originally published here.

The fundamental stage in producing your individual pop art is to get a picture or photograph. Warhol produced his canvas images from a assortment of artwork and objects. There actually is no limits on subject in any respect when you deliberate that Warhol’s artwork ranged from Coca-Cola bottles to Marilyn Monroe. The Andy Warhol method is governed by minimal minutiae in addition to significant squares of vibrant colors. This may be achieved with the methods in the majority of photograph editing software programs, while if you’re wanting for something more straightforward you can browse the internet for a outlet that will edit and produce your shot onto canvas art. If you are a admirer of pop art then you’re most likely already conversant in the artwork Roy Lichtenstein. Roy Lichtenstein evolved into certainly one of the foremost pop artists of the 60’s with his comic-strip images. Drowning Girl 1963 is among his best pictures and is a first-rate case in point of the creative qualities in his most recognizeable pieces of art. He utilized wide lines, striking colors, in addition to thought bubbles. His artwork what’s more extensively utilized boxed captions and vocabulary for example “WHAAM!” often discovered in comics. Benday dots are Lichtenstein’s calling card. Benday dots are a printing technique which brings together two or more single little, coloured dots to make a third hue. In the 60’s, pulp comics utilized dots in primary colours to simply fashion the other hues for example flesh tone. Printing strategies for producing these dots varied and while Warhol screen printed onto canvas Lichenstein chose perforated alloys. More and more, computers are powerful enough to fashion photo-tiled canvas art prints in a moderately small amount of time. Furthermore regardless of the restrictions of the majority of photograph editing software programs, there’s loads of gratis and cheap programs, along with web-based resources, that you can make use of to produce a photograph mosaic print from your own set of private shots. The more impressive your set of source photographs, the higher quality your very own canvas art will be.

Originally published here.

The fundamental stage in producing your individual pop art is to get a picture or photograph. Warhol produced his canvas images from a assortment of artwork and objects. There actually is no limits on subject in any respect when you deliberate that Warhol’s artwork ranged from Coca-Cola bottles to Marilyn Monroe. The Andy Warhol method is governed by minimal minutiae in addition to significant squares of vibrant colors. This may be achieved with the methods in the majority of photograph editing software programs, while if you’re wanting for something more straightforward you can browse the internet for a outlet that will edit and produce your shot onto canvas art. If you are a admirer of pop art then you’re most likely already conversant in the artwork Roy Lichtenstein. Roy Lichtenstein evolved into certainly one of the foremost pop artists of the 60’s with his comic-strip images. Drowning Girl 1963 is among his best pictures and is a first-rate case in point of the creative qualities in his most recognizeable pieces of art. He utilized wide lines, striking colors, in addition to thought bubbles. His artwork what’s more extensively utilized boxed captions and vocabulary for example “WHAAM!” often discovered in comics. Benday dots are Lichtenstein’s calling card. Benday dots are a printing technique which brings together two or more single little, coloured dots to make a third hue. In the 60’s, pulp comics utilized dots in primary colours to simply fashion the other hues for example flesh tone. Printing strategies for producing these dots varied and while Warhol screen printed onto canvas Lichenstein chose perforated alloys. More and more, computers are powerful enough to fashion photo-tiled canvas art prints in a moderately small amount of time. Furthermore regardless of the restrictions of the majority of photograph editing software programs, there’s loads of gratis and cheap programs, along with web-based resources, that you can make use of to produce a photograph mosaic print from your own set of private shots. The more impressive your set of source photographs, the higher quality your very own canvas art will be.

Originally published here.

There are now well over 250,000 apps available for iPhone, iPad and iPod touch, and, surprisingly, many of the best are free.

The following list showcases our pick of the 40 best free iPhone apps, and includes iPhone applications for social networking, travel, news, photography, productivity and more.

If your top free iPhone apps aren’t covered, tell us all about them in the comments.

1. Facebook

Once an ugly duckling, but now — as of version 3 — a social-network-aware swan, Facebook is a triumph. The revised grid-based ‘home screens’ provide speedy access to regularly visited sections (news feed, notifications, and so on) and pages, and the experience is such that it in many ways beats the browser version.

2. Gorillacam

Pretty much from nowhere, Gorillacam arrived in December 2009 from the creators of the Gorillapod tripods. It mashes together a slew of features to hugely improve an iPhone’s camera (timer, multi-shot, spirit-level, on-screen grid, ‘press anywhere’ capture), meaning you can bin a half-dozen standalone apps that offer similar things.

3. RunKeeper Free

The prospect of Nike+ but better and for free might sound unlikely, but that’s what RunKeeper Free provides. The app uses an iPhone’s GPS capabilities to track your jogging route, and provides mapping and details of pace and calories burned. Activities can be shared online, and treadmill runs can be entered manually.

4. Stanza

Kindle’s grabbed many ‘electronic book’ headlines, but an iPhone or iPod touch is a perfectly competent alternative — at least if you have the right app to hand. Stanza enables you to download books from various sources (many of which offer free titles), and you can transfer your own ePub, PDF or eReader titles from the free Stanza Desktop.

5. Dropbox

Plenty of apps exist for transferring content between your computer and your device, but Dropbox is free and easier to use than most of its contemporaries. Dump files you want to sync in a folder on your computer and Dropbox for your device will enable you to access them, download them for offline viewing, and, in many cases, view them.

6. thetrainline

For anyone commuting by train, thetrainline is the free app to beat all others. Journey planning, offline results, timetables and a location-aware ‘next train home’ option are available via a clean, streamlined interface. The app’s not quite as good as National Rail Enquiries, but it is very similar — and five quid cheaper.

7. Skype

It’s imperfect and annoyingly lacks push notifications, but Skype is still an essential download. The interface is pleasingly simple and usable, enabling anyone with a Skype account to make free calls to other Skype users and cheap calls to anywhere in the world. If you’re on Pay and Go, this is particularly handy, but the app also enables iPod touch users to utilise their devices for calls.

8. Movies

Although some aspects of cinema listings app Movies are disappointingly US-centric (notably regarding details on upcoming movies and DVDs), it succeeds where it matters. Select a film and the app figures out where you’re located, lists nearby cinemas, and displays times your chosen film is showing. Efficiency can be further increased by pinning favourite cinemas to the top of the list.

9. TonePad

Virtual pianos and guitars are all very well, but purely digital musical toys are more suited to Apple handhelds. TonePad is the best of them, using a grid-based interface that enables you to turn notes on and off and compose pleasing and harmonious loops; your creations can be edited, saved and uploaded to share with other users.

10. Thomson Reuters News Pro

There are many free news apps, but Reuters News Pro offers a breadth of coverage that makes it a winner. Preferences enable you to tailor the app’s output to the UK, and the toolbar provides swift access to news, pictures, videos and stock markets coverage.

11. Twitter (formerly Tweetie)

Tweetie was the iPhone Twitter client that other iPhone Twitter clients wanted to be. Its combination of polished interface, plentiful options and multi-account support meant everyone loved it — apart from cheapskates, because Tweetie wasn’t free. Now, however, it is, because Twitter bought it, rebranded it as Twitter, and set fire to the price tag.

12. Comics

In all honesty, Comics is a little awkward compared to using it on an iPad, but you won’t find a better comics experience on an iPhone. The app is free, as are dozens of downloadable comics — and once you run out of those, many more are available to buy. Reading works on a frame-by-frame automated ‘zoom’ basis, and is surprisingly usable.

13. Wikipanion

The Wikipedia website works fine on iPhones, but a dedicated app is a better bet. Wikipanion is a freebie which gives you quick access to article sections, in-article search, viewing options, bookmarking, and the ability to tweet about whatever odd fact you’ve just unearthed. Also, wonderfully, there are no ads.

14. Evernote

Clients to access the popular Evernote service for storing notes and ideas online are available for so many platforms that we half expect a ZX Spectrum app to be announced tomorrow. On the iPhone, Evernote is efficient and usable, enabling you to rapidly scan your notes and also create new ones.

15. Kindle

Now iBooks has arrived on the iPhone, you might wonder why you should bother with Amazon’s Kindle. After all, the app’s not as pretty as iBooks, nor is there an integrated store (you buy in Safari and sync purchases to the app). However, Kindle offers a massive selection of books compared to Apple’s app and the reading experience is great.

16. Around Me

Around Me figures out where you are and lists local stuff — banks, bars, petrol stations and, er, Apple Retail Stores. The app’s reliance on Google Maps info means there are gaps, but it’s nonetheless handy to have installed when in unfamiliar surroundings, and the ‘augmented reality’ landscape mode is amusing, if flaky.

17. Dictionary.com — Dictionary & Thesaurus

A million definitions and 90,000 synonyms are available in the palm of your hand with this free, offline dictionary and thesaurus. The app is fast and efficient, includes phonetic and audio pronunciation of words, and its interface seems perfectly suited to the iPhone.

18. Air Video Free

Air Video Free can stream (and convert as necessary) video from any computer running the free Air Video Server. You only get access to a small number of items per folder or playlist, but some careful planning can get around that limitation.

19. Adobe Photoshop Express

If you’re looking for Photoshop-style power, Photoshop Express won’t impress. However, if you’re after a quick, free, highly usable tool for making edits to your iPhone photos, Adobe’s app is ideal. Use it for cropping, straightening, exposure adjustments, colour effects, sharpening and more.

20. iHandy Level Free

One of the tools from the excellent iHandy Carpenter toolkit app, iHandy Level Free turns your iPhone into a spirit level. By default, it’ll show just how wonky your device’s accelerometer is, but tap the calibrate button and you get an accurate and great-looking level.

21. Instapaper Free

Set up an Instapaper account, create a bookmark in Safari on your device, and you can then send articles to Instapaper Free, for a superior and focussed offline reading experience. The app also acts as a superb taster for the paid version, which adds alternate themes and iPad support.

22. PCalc Lite

“But I’ve already got a calculator on my device,” you might argue. True, but now you can stash default Apple apps in a folder, it’s easier to justify replacing them with something better — and PCalc Lite is without doubt the finest free calculator for iOS, with a great interface and plenty of options. You can also bolt-on features from the paid version via in-app purchases.

23. iBooks

Having made a big splash on the iPad, iBooks has now arrived for Apple’s smaller devices. Effectively iTunes for books, the app combines a reader and store, in Apple’s typically usable and integrated fashion. Usefully, iBooks includes PDF support and bookmarks automatically sync across devices.

24. Red Laser

Now free, due to being snapped up by eBay, the Red Laser bar-code scanner is pretty accurate, even if you’re still saddled with an iPhone 3G. It’s great for checking prices while shopping, and also enables you to get your media collections into Delicious Library if you make use of AppleScript.

25. eBay Selling

And the reason for eBay buying Red Laser? This app, which makes it astonishingly easy to sell your unwanted stuff. Use eBay Selling to scan items; you can then research prices on eBay or import items for sale far more quickly than you can using a PC.

26. eBay Mobile

Unsurprisingly, eBay also has the buying side of its operation covered with eBay Mobile. The app supports iOS 4 multitasking, and, like eBay Selling, it’s fast and efficient, to the point that it’s preferable to using eBay’s website on a PC.

27. Google Earth

“Hold the world in the palm of your hand,” says Google about Google Earth, which enables you to fly across the planet by swiping your finger. More integration with content and features from Maps would be good, but Google Earth’s Wikipedia articles and a Panoramio layer at least ensure it’s a great app for seeing the world from your living room.

28. XE Currency

XE Currency is a fine example of an app that does what it needs to, without fuss. You configure a list of currencies, and it shows current conversion rates. Double-tap a currency to set its base rate or to define values for custom conversions.

29. Shazam

Shazam is an app that feels like magic when you first use it. It’s deceptively simple—hold your iPhone near to a music source, and wait while the app listens and tells you what track is playing. But the sheer technology behind this simplicity is mind-boggling, and while Shazam doesn’t always guess right (and only allows five ‘tags’ per month for new users, unless you upgrade to the paid version), it’s worth a download.

30. Bump

Another contender for the ’surely, that’s witchcraft?’ award, Bump enables you to select up to four contacts, then ‘bump’ your device into another iOS device running Bump to transfer details, or to compare contacts. And, yeah, we know there’s an email-based ’share contact’ option in Contacts, but where’s the fun in that?

31. Yell.com

As you might expect, Yell.com enables you to find local stuff. Select from a bunch of built-in categories or type in your own term for a list of local amenities, and use the map to navigate. Avoid the clunky augmented reality view, though.

32. BBC News

BBC News has a mobile website that works very nicely in Safari. However, when using it you’ll find video isn’t accessible. The BBC News app has some slightly quirky navigation (and occasionally questionable stability), but provides quick access to breaking stories, complete with playable videos and zoomable text.

33. Find My iPhone

For the paranoid souls out there (or the unlucky ones who’ve had their devices pilfered), Find My iPhone has now been freed from the paid version of MobileMe. Assuming you’ve a 2010 or later iOS device, you can set up a free account and locate your devices within seconds. (Note that older devices can also be added to Find My iPhone — you just need a recent one to get things going.)

34. Dragon Dictation

Fed up of typing on the tiny iPhone keyboard? Use Dragon Dictation instead, which happily converts your speech into text (with slightly spooky levels of accuracy for a freebie app). You can even punctuate (“Comma! Full-stop!”), and when you’re done the app enables you to fire your thoughts at Facebook, Twitter, Mail or the iOS clipboard.

35. iHandy Torch Free

It’s a torch! It’s a cheesy neon light! It’s a hypnotic spiral effect! With slightly annoying ads! (In reality, iHandy Torch Free is a mostly a handy app to have installed in case you get up for a midnight snack or toilet visit, don’t turn on the light and want to avoid smashing your toe annoyingly hard into an unruly cupboard.)

36. TVGuide.co.uk TV Guide

TV Guide is an app that’s come a long way. At one time, this was a disappointing UK TV listings app. Today, it boasts now-and-next and scrollable listings views, reminders, and calendar, Twitter and Facebook integration. Only avoid if you hate TV or don’t live in the UK.

37. Zoopla Property Search

There are loads of property search apps on the App Store, but Zoopla is the best of them. Its listings are comprehensive and there’s also local market data, including local sale prices and estimates on market value. The location button is a bit rubbish, but the app soon finds properties when you manually type a location.

38. IM+

If you’re an instant messaging fiend, IM+ gives you access to GTalk, Yahoo, MSN/Live Messenger, AIM/iChat, ICQ, MySpace, Twitter, Facebook, and Jabber. With multitasking and push notifications in iOS 4, IM+ has been transformed from a curiosity into a must-have freebie app.

39. Atomic Web Browser Lite

The lite version of Atomic is missing quite a few features that are found in its paid-for version, including even basic multitasking support and content resumption on reopening the app. However, for times where you need a single-session browser that automatically dumps everything on exit, such as when buying gifts, this is a handy app to have installed.

40. Virtuoso Piano Free 3

Virtuoso Piano Free 3 won’t turn you into a virtuoso, but it’s a perfectly serviceable mini piano. You can amend the number of keys shown on screen, and buttons enable you to rapidly navigate the full keyboard. You get two built-in voices for playback, to which you can add variable levels of sustain.

Originally published here.

The film (set from 1953-1960) begins with an unknown entity (voiced by Keith David) explaining how it has witnessed the evolution of life on Earth:

Like all things on this hurtling sphere, I emerged from the molten center of creation. But mine has been a unique path. Isolated, I developed attributes beyond those of lesser beings. Then the sphere was struck by a vast celestial stone. Black chunks of death filled the skies and the world became a chaotic garden of doom. Soon the sphere began to nurture new kinds of life. And there was one that stood above the rest. Its fragile shell belied its vicious nature. And in what seemed like a heartbeat, these things proliferated in both number and destructive means. Now they have harnessed the most destructive force. And I, The Centre, have concluded that the sphere must be cleansed of them.

This explanation is shown being written and illustrated under the title “The Last Story” by a mysterious person who then shoots himself.

The film cuts to the end of the Korean War, where United States Air Force pilot Hal Jordan (voiced by David Boreanaz) and his wingman, Kyle “Ace” Morgan (voiced by John Heard), are attacked by enemy pilots not yet informed of the cease-fire. Hal is shot down in the ensuing conflict, and forced to kill a North Korean soldier after ejecting to safety. The trauma of this event leads Hal to a mental ward within a hospital for two years.

Elsewhere, at Gotham Observatory, the last survivor of the Green Martian race, J’onn J’onzz (voiced by Miguel Ferrer), is inadvertently teleported to Earth by a scientist, Dr. Saul Erdel. The shock of J’onn’s appearance causes Erdel to succumb to a heart attack, though not before he apologizes for stranding the Martian. Unable to return to Mars, he disguises himself as Dr. Erdel.

The following year, Superman (voiced by Kyle MacLachlan) meets Wonder Woman (voiced by Lucy Lawless) in Vietnam, where she celebrates with a group of women she rescued from political rebels. The Amazon allowed them to exact their own brand of fatal justice upon their captors, which Superman is horrified to learn. He reminds Diana that the government is distrustful at best of the heroes, which has led to the Justice Society’s disbanding and Hourman’s death, as well as Batman’s branding as a fugitive vigilante. Superman also tries to remind her that mitigating the general public’s fear is why they signed loyalty oaths to the United States government. Diana, however, resolves that she must do what she feels is right. The two part at odds, and Diana later leaves America to return to Paradise Island. Superman later confides in Lois Lane (voiced by Kyra Sedgwick) about Wonder Woman and Batman, neither of whom, he says, would sacrifice their principles for each other.

In Gotham City, J’onn J’onzz has been living quietly under the guise of Dr. Erdel, while learning what he can about humans and Earth society through television. He shape-shifts into different guises during his nightly viewing, such as Groucho Marx and Bugs Bunny, before settling on the form of a film noir detective.

In Las Vegas, reporter Iris West (voiced by Vicki Lewis) is on assignment to interview singer Buddy Blake, at the same casino where Hal Jordan and Ace Morgan are enjoying themselves. While Iris is on the phone with her boyfriend Barry Allen (voiced by Neil Patrick Harris), Captain Cold (voiced by James Arnold Taylor) arrives to rob the casino. Hearing the events on the phone, Barry races to Vegas from Central City as The Flash and confronts Cold, who tells him he has hidden six cryogenic bombs around Vegas set to go off in 90 seconds. Flash zips around the city and locates five of the bombs, but deduces the sixth is a decoy, and captures Cold before he can escape by helicopter. Before being subdued, Cold is possessed by the unknown entity from the prologue, who asks Flash why he is faster than “the other lesser beings” before leaving the Rogue.

Hal and Ace leave the casino and head into the desert. Hal is unclear about their destination, which Ace keeps a surprise. Ace notices Hal has been acting differently, and Jordan confesses things haven’t been the same since the war and his time in the hospital. He also admits his past hospitalization has kept him from getting a job with a top aircraft company. It’s after Hal confides in Ace that the two arrive at Ferris Aircraft, where an opening as a test pilot is indeed waiting for Hal, thanks to a recommendation from his friend.

Back in Gotham, J’onn joins the Gotham City Police Department under the name John Jones, and with his integrity, cunning analytical skill, and telepathy, quickly rises to the ranks of detective in just two years. After investigating a kidnapping of a child which was later discovered to be part of a sacrificial ritual for a cult that worships something called The Centre, J’onn and his partner Slam Bradley (voiced by Jim Meskimen) meet Batman (voiced by Jeremy Sisto) for the first time as he is also investigating the kidnapping. The two cops join Batman in battle against the cult, but a fire is started during the fight, rendering J’onn powerless until Slam extinguishes it. Afterward, when Batman attempts to free the boy from his bonds, the child is terrified at the sight of him. J’onn arrives to calm the boy down and then he and his partner free the child themselves. The entity which possessed Captain Cold speaks through the incapacitated cult leader, identifying itself as “The Centre” and warning of an impending judgment.

Hal Jordan begins training exercises under Col. Rick Flagg (voiced by Lex Lang) at Ferris Industries. His joking, devil-may-care attitude rubs Flagg the wrong way, but Carol Ferris (voiced by Brooke Shields) is understanding and recognizes Hal’s natural ability. Carol also recognizes that Hal needs to know the true nature of his training, which she soon reveals to him: the government has commissioned Ferris Aircraft to build a spacecraft capable of travel to Mars. Special agent King Faraday (voiced by Phil Morris) is assigned to oversee the project, which is in response to Dr. Erdel’s contact with Mars and J’onn’s arrival.

Back in Gotham, the Dark Knight reveals his knowledge of J’onn’s true nature in his apartment, as he is able to find a way to shield his mind from J’onn’s telepathy, and suggests that they should form an alliance as they are both investigating the cult that is rising throughout the world cult that worships the Centre. J’onn’s demonstration of kindness toward the boy led Batman to believe that he can be a trusted ally. However, he warns J’onn that should he betray him, he is fully aware of and willing to use the Martian’s vulnerability to fire against him.

In Central City, The Flash defeats Gorilla Grodd (or, rather, a robotic duplicate), but is targeted by government agents, as they attempt to capture him in an effort to learn the secret of his powers. Though he narrowly escapes, the experience leads the Flash to consider retiring from his crimefighting career.

J’onn J’onzz interrogates Harry Leiter, a former Ferris employee apprehended for murder while under the influence of the Center. During the questioning, Harry lets word slip about the launch to Mars. Leiter’s ramblings are confirmed when Faraday arrives to take him into custody. J’onn briefly glimpses into the agent’s mind and learns the truth. After watching the Flash announce his retirement on live television, and seeing the public contemptuous response, a disheartened J’onn attempts to stow away on the rocket so that he may return home. Before leaving, he arrives in Batman’s headquarters, the Batcave, revealing that he’s been aware of Batman’s secrets for quite some time (using his cunning detective skills instead of his telepathy), and gives him the last of his research on The Centre. J’onn reveals to Batman that he’s losing faith in humanity, as he sees that there’s too much hatred, ignorance, and conformity within the people around him, which made him decide to leave Earth. Batman’s response is cold and brief, as he tells J’onn some people don’t have the luxury of leaving Earth.

While attempting to board the ship, J’onn is seen on camera by Faraday, who confronts J’onn and fights him on the launchpad. J’onn is able to beat Faraday, but saves him from the rocket exhaust by flying him to a platform before collapsing. The rocket is damaged and malfunctions shortly after exiting the atmosphere. Hal wants to attempt a landing, but his co-pilot, Col. Rick Flagg, reveals that the rocket is loaded with weapons of mass destruction, and as such he won’t risk it. After a brief struggle, Hal is ejected from the cockpit. Though he is saved by Superman, the distraction allows Flagg to detonate the rocket.

J’onn J’onzz is held as a prisoner by Faraday. Superman blasts Faraday for treating J’onn differently from him (a Kryptonian and thus also an alien), just because J’onn looks radically different. He also points out the captivity is entirely J’onn’s decision because he can escape at any time using his powers.

On Paradise Island, Wonder Woman trains with Mala, and tells her of how America has changed since the war. Her training partner says the island has changed as well, and that many Amazons desire a change in leadership. Though Diana quickly fends off a challenge from her fellow Amazon, the two of them are soon beset upon by the approaching Center.

Hal Jordan is later found by Abin Sur (voiced by Corey Burton), the Green Lantern of Sector 2814. The destruction of the rocket badly wounds him as he enters Earth’s atmosphere, so he instructs his ring to find a worthy replacement. He leaves his ring with Hal, and tells him of The Centre, which he describes as a “monstrous creature” that fears humans and seeks their destruction.

In the Batcave, Superman reviews J’onn’s research with Batman and meets Robin (voiced by Shane Haboucha) for the first time. Batman has altered the design of his suit so it won’t frighten an innocent, but is still able to strike terror in the heart of a guilty. As they discuss the Centre, they hear Lois reporting on the attack of a giant pterodactyl at Cape Canaveral. Superman arrives at the scene and quickly defeats the creature. Almost immediately afterwards, Wonder Woman’s invisible jet makes a crash landing, its cockpit smeared with blood. Before losing consciousness, Wonder Woman warns Superman that the Centre is coming.

Faraday eventually befriends J’onn who saved his life, and occasionally plays chess with him. J’onn reveals to Faraday that he decided to remain at the agent’s base willingly because of the upcoming battle with The Centre, and had telepathically looked into the agent’s mind during their battle at the platform. J’onn found that Faraday believes that one day the world won’t be living in fear and hate. Finding that within Faraday, J’onn has renewed hope for humanity and decides to participate in the battle to save Earth. Before leaving with Faraday, J’onn adopts a new Martian/human superheroic hybrid form as the Martian Manhunter, believing it is honest to his heritage with a friendly appearance to human perception.

The Centre

Following this, the Centre begins its attack in earnest at the coast of Florida, finally revealed as a massive flying island, with an army of mutated dinosaurs to guard it. The threat draws heroes such as Flash (whom Iris talks into coming out of retirement), Green Arrow, Adam Strange, the Challengers of the Unknown, and the Blackhawks, who clash with the soldiers on base. The conflict is stopped by Superman, who advocates cooperation between the two sides. He is unexpectedly seconded by Faraday, accompanied by J’onn, who agrees that the government and the heroes must work together for freedom. With that, Superman heads out to do reconnaissance on the Centre, but is swiftly and shockingly defeated.

Moved by his effort, the rest of Earth’s superheroes and military forces band together to defeat the Centre. Batman interrupts a meeting between Faraday, J’onn, Will Magnus (voiced by Townsend Coleman), and the Challengers. Batman brought with him Ray Palmer, a scientist known for his work with matter reduction. When one of the Challengers argues the technology is too unreliable, destabilizing anything it shrinks, Batman replies that’s exactly the point, and a plan is formed to use Palmer’s reduction ray to destabilize the island. The heroes will distract the Centre with a frontal assault (while Hal and Ace fly a bombing mission into the creature), leaving Flash to quickly crisscross the island with the ray.

While the aerial assault (including Batman and Green Arrow as pilots) is nearly outmatched before the intervention of the Blackhawks, Faraday’s ground forces are ambushed by a herd of rampaging mutant dinosaurs. J’onn is overwhelmed by the psychic impact from The Centre and is rescued by Faraday, who is shortly thereafter captured by a dinosaur. As he is about to be eaten by a tyrannosaurus, Faraday grabs two hand grenades and pulls the pins. The dinosaur swallows Faraday and immediately afterwards its head explodes from the grenade detonation, killing both it and Faraday. The shock of his friend’s death helps J’onn shake off the Centre’s hold, and he and a recovered Wonder Woman help turn the tide of the ground battle.

Hal Jordan and Ace Morgan manage to shoot their way into the core of the creature, but are disoriented at first by its hallucinogenic effects. The creature secretes a thick red fluid that jams their weapons and almost suffocates them. It is then that Hal’s ring activates, relaying instructions from the Guardians of the Universe (voiced by Robin Atkin Downes) as to its use. Ace manages to detonate his payload, and is rescued by Hal–now dressed in a costume identical to Abin Sur’s–just before his plane explodes.

The explosion gives the ground crew their opening as they prepare to send Flash to finish the creature. The speedster is struck by the gravity of the situation and his role in it, but J’onn reassures him that everyone will be behind him. Flash races across the ocean and leaps onto the Centre’s surface, covering the entire surface on foot before leaping into the ocean. The Centre begins to shrink, but realizing its imminent destruction, it heads toward land to destroy the humans along with it. Hal realizes what he must do, and envelops the island in green energy, then tows it into space where it explodes.

The entire world celebrates the Centre’s defeat. As many participants in the battle attend a ceremony, Hal celebrates the victory his own way by pursuing his lifelong dream: flying through space with the aid of his new power ring. During the celebration, Superman is revealed to be injured but still alive, saved by a man named Arthur (voiced by Alan Ritchson) who claims to be from an underwater kingdom. He and his subjects treated Superman’s wounds during the battle with the Centre. Superman is reunited with Lois and the rest of the heroes, who are touted so on the front page of the Daily Planet.

This monumental victory and display of teamwork changes public opinion about superheroes, and a montage of various heroes and villains (with cameos by Supergirl, the Teen Titans, Black Manta, Brainiac, Captain Marvel, Darkseid, Black Canary, Doctor Light, Doctor Sivana, Gentleman Ghost, Harley Quinn, Joker, Key, Lex Luthor, Monocle, Plastic Man, Ra’s al Ghul, Riddler, Robin, Star Sapphire, Two-Face, and Ultra-Humanite) as well as the birth of the world’s second generation superhero team: Justice League, set to the titular John F. Kennedy speech, is shown just before the film ends.

Cast

Voice actor

Character

David Boreanaz

Harold “Hal” Jordan/Green Lantern

Miguel Ferrer

J’onn J’onzz/John Jones/Martian Manhunter

Neil Patrick Harris

Bartholomew “Barry” Allen/The Flash

John Heard

Kyle “Ace” Morgan

Lucy Lawless

Princess Diana of Themyscira/Wonder Woman

Kyle MacLachlan

Kal-El/Clark Kent/Superman

Phil Morris

King Faraday

Kyra Sedgwick

Lois Lane

Brooke Shields

Carol Ferris

Jeremy Sisto

Bruce Wayne/Batman

Alan Ritchson

Orin/Arthur Curry/Aquaman

Keith David

The Centre

Vicki Lewis

Iris West

Lex Lang

Rick Flagg

Shane Haboucha

Dick Grayson/Robin

Townsend Coleman

Dr. Will Magnus

James Arnold Taylor

Leonard Snart/Captain Cold

Robin Atkin Downes

Guardians of the Universe

Corey Burton

Abin Sur

Jim Meskimen

Samuel “Slam” Bradley

Critical reception

Justice League: The New Frontier received mostly positive reviews. Screener copies were sent to those who reviewed them on websites a month prior to the DVD’s official release. Even then, most of the reviews were positive and geared up the film’s release even more.

Newsarama reviewed the DTV before its Feb. 26th release, saying that it was “one of the best things to ever come out of [Bruce] Timm stable.” Commenting also that the acting was exceptional. The World’s Finest, a fansite dealing with DC Animations, said that it was “the first animated feature in a long time that Ie felt completely satisfied while walking away from.” A reviewer from Ain’t it Cool News said that it was “my favorite film of 2008″ and also said that it was “everything I had hoped for.” Other sites, including some non-fansites, had similar reactions. From IGN giving the film and DVD total an 8.0, ENI saying it was enjoyable, and DVDTalk.com labeling its advice as “Recommended”.

Entertainment Weekly, talking about direct-to-videos and Superman Doomsday, revealed that pre-orders for The New Frontier were tracking further ahead than expected.

The New Frontier was nominated for an Emmy under the category of Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour Or More) in 2008.

DVD

Justice League: The New Frontier is available in both single and two-disc editions. The cover of the single disc includes the pan shot from DC: The New Frontier with the heroes going forth, while the two-disc, HD DVD and Blu-ray editions includes Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman above the title logo with Martian Manhunter, Green Lantern, Flash and others below it. Best Buy had an exclusive with a Green Lantern action figure from DC Direct with the DVD package. This Green Lantern figure stands under 3 inches tall. Wal-Mart had a single DVD package exclusive with “The New Frontier Green Lantern” CD-ROM Comic Book inside. The single, two-disc and Blu-ray editions were released on February 26, 2008, with the HD DVD edition released on March 18, 2008.

The special features range from a documentary on the forty-seven year history of the Justice League, commentaries, a documentary on how the early mythological villain archetypes were adapted into the Justice League stories, a featurette on the themes, elements from the comic to film versions of New Frontier, three episodes of Justice League Unlimited and finally a 10 minute preview to the next animated film; Batman: Gotham Knight.

Soundtrack

Like Superman: Doomsday, Justice League: The New Frontier had a soundtrack released by La La Records on March 18, 2008. The music was composed by Kevin Manthei, the track listing is as follows.

Justice League: The New Frontier (Soundtrack From The DC Universe Animated Original Movie)

Film score by Kevin Manthei

Released

March 18, 2008

Label

La-La Land Records

“Main Titles” (2:01)

“The Centre / Hal Shot Down” (2:50)

“J’onn J’onzz Arrives” (0:51)

“Wonder Woman Recounts / J’onzz Watches TV” (2:11)

“The Flash Saves Las Vegas” (3:32)

“J’onn Becomes John / Church Brawl” (3:12)

“Carol & Hal Banter” (0:22)

“Driving to Ferris / The Real Ferris” (1:34)

“Hal’s Mission Revealed / Batman Surprises J’onzz / The Flash Fights Gorilla” (2:52)

“Crazy Scientist” (1:37)

“J’onzz Contemplates / J’onzz is Leaving” (1:18)

“To Space” (1:27)

“Mars Mission Mess” (4:13)

“New Green Lantern” (3:56)

“Superman Ties It Up / J’onzz Bonds” (2:41)

“Island Revealed / Superman Down” (5:22)

“Plan to Action” (2:35)

“Thick of Battle” (4:32)

“The Flash vs. Centre / Last Bit of Business” (3:37)

“Victory” (3:09)

“End Credits” (3:01)

References

^ Justice League DVD news: Release Date for Justice League: The New Frontier | TVShowsOnDVD.com

^ Animated Shorts: Justice League: The New Frontier Review – Newsarama

^ Harry discovers JUSTICE LEAGUE: THE NEW FRONTIER!!! – Ain’t It Cool News: The best in movie, TV, DVD, and comic book news

^ IGN: Justice League: The New Frontier Review

^ Entertainment Reviews – Justice League: The New Frontier – ENewsI.com

^ DVD Talk Review: Justice League – The New Frontier

^ Direct-to-DVD movies growing in popularity – Entertainment News, Weekly TV, Media – Variety

^ The 60th Primetime Emmy Awards and Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are…

^ The World’s Finest

^ The World’s Finest

^ The World’s Finest

^ The World’s Finest

External links

Justice League: The New Frontier Official Movie Site

Justice League: The New Frontier at the Internet Movie Database

Justice League: The New Frontier Myspace page

Justice League: The New Frontier @ The World’s Finest

First article releasing on the DTV

Justice League: The New Frontier Press Release

Justice League: The New Frontier Trailer Trailer (Windows Media)

Justice League: The New Frontier Trailer Trailer (Quicktime)

v  d  e

DC Comics animated films

Stand-alone films

Superman (1941) Gen (1998) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006)

Original Animated Movies

Superman: Doomsday (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010)

Batman: Gotham Knight

Have I Got A Story For You Crossfire Field Test In Darkness Dwells Working Through Pain Deadshot

DC animated universe

Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003)

v  d  e

Justice League

Creators

Gardner Fox

Founding Members

Superman  Batman  Wonder Woman  Green Lantern  Flash  Aquaman  Martian Manhunter

Related teams

Justice League Elite  Justice Society of America  Justice League Antarctica  Justice League (Smallville)  Outsiders  Super Buddies  Teen Titans  Young Justice  Justice Guild of America

Enemies

Amazo  Amos Fortune  The Appelaxians  Asmodel  Brainiac  Crime Syndicate of America  Copperhead  Darkseid  The Demons Three  Despero  Doctor Destiny  Doctor Light  Doomsday  Eclipso  Epoch the Lord of Time  The Extremists  Felix Faust  Funky Flashman  Gamemnae  The General  Gentleman Ghost  The Injustice Gang  The Injustice League  Kanjar Ro  The Key  Kobra  Lex Luthor  Libra  Magog  Morgaine le Fey  Neron  Professor Ivo  Prometheus  Queen Bee  The Queen of Fables  Qwsp  Rama Khan  Red King  The Royal Flush Gang  The Secret Society of Super Villains  Shaggy Man  Starbreaker  Starro  T. O. Morrow  The Ultra-Humanite  Vandal Savage  The Wizard  The White Martians

Headquarters

Secret Sanctuary  Justice League Satellite  Justice League Watchtower  The Hall

Current series

Justice League of America (vol. 2)  Super Friends

Previous series

Justice League of America  Justice League International  Justice League Europe  Justice League Quarterly  Justice League Task Force  Extreme Justice  JLA  Justice  Justice League Antarctica  JLA: Classified

Storylines

“World War III”  JLA: Earth 2  JLA/Avengers  “The Lightning Saga”  “Pain of the Gods”

Limited series

The Nail  Created Equal  Act of God  Destiny  Age of Wonder  Another Nail  Justice League: Cry for Justice

Animation

The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure  Super Friends  Justice League  Justice League Unlimited  Justice League: The New Frontier  Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths

Live-action

Legends of the Superheroes  Justice League of America  Justice League (Smallville)

Miscellanea

In other media

Video games

Justice League Task Force  Justice League: Injustice for All  Justice League: Chronicles  Justice League Heroes

Categories: English-language films | 2008 films | Warner Bros. Animation films | DC animation | Justice League films | Warner Bros. Batman films | DC Universe Original Animated Movies | Superhero films | Direct-to-video films | Films set in the 1950s | Animated Batman films | Animated Superman filmsHidden categories: Film articles using deprecated parameters | Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2009 | All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention

Originally published here.